Accessibility Measures and the Social Evaluation of Urban Structure

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1013-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Black ◽  
M Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Travel Patterns ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Accessibility ◽  
Numerical Index

The measurement of accessibility and travel patterns in urban areas is described. The methodology presented includes graphical measures of physical accessibility, a numerical index of accessibility that is consistent with graphical measures, residents' accessibility weighted by transport availability, and the relationship between accessibility and travel behaviour. Some empirical results are presented for access and travel to male and female jobs in Sydney, with the use of data collected for the 1971 Census of Population and for the Sydney Area Transportation Study. The consequences of some alternative arrangements of land use and plans to improve public transport on residents' accessibility are investigated. It is argued that accessibility measures are a useful aid to planners and policymakers in the social evaluation of urban structure.

scholarly journals The possibilities and limits of political contestation in times of ‘urban austerity’

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 2087-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispian Fuller ◽  
Karen West
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Government ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
Policy Area ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Logics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This paper seeks to provide a conceptual framework in which to examine the social practices of contemporary austerity programmes in urban areas, including how these relate to different conceptions of crisis. Of current theoretical interest is the apparent ease with which these austerity measures have been accepted by urban governing agents. In order to advance these understandings we follow the recent post-structuralist discourse theory ‘logics’ approach of Glynos and Howarth (2007), focusing on the relationship between hegemony, political and social logics, and the subject whose identificatory practices are key to understanding the form, nature and stability of discursive settlements. In such thinking it is not only the formation of discourses and the mobilisation of rhetoric that are of interest, but also the manner in which the subjects of austerity identify with these. Through such an approach we examine the case of the regeneration/economic development and planning policy area in the city government of Birmingham (UK). In conclusion, we argue that the logics approach is a useful framework through which to examine how austerity has been uncontested in a city government, and the dynamics of acquiescence in relation to broader hegemonic discursive formations.

Neighbourhood Environmental Contribution and Health. A novel indicator integrating urban form and urban green

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Zepp ◽  
Luis Inostroza ◽  
Robynne Sutcliffe ◽  
Salman Ahmed ◽  
Susanne Moebus
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Environmental Contribution ◽  
Neighbourhood Scale ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between urban green, urban form and health remains unclear. This research explores health and urban green as well as urban structure as constituents of urban form. The objective was to develop a novel indicator (Neighbourhood Environmental Contribution, NEC) to analyse the spatial relationship between urban green and health (diabetes, mental health and self-rated health) on the neighbourhood scale. NEC performs more stably when regression models are adjusted for confounders. This suggests that better representations of urban form including the built-up structure of urban areas are promising.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND POVERTY FARMERS IN ACEH

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saifuddin Yunus ◽  
Suadi Zainal ◽  
Fadli Jalil ◽  
Cut Maya Aprita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose of the study: This study tried to examine the correlation between social capital and the poverty level of farmers in Aceh. It was linked to the uneven agricultural development of some rural areas in Aceh had caused the poverty rates in villages are higher than in the urban areas. Hence the social capital is important as other capitals in development and become the energies for the development and decreases the rate of poverty. Methodology: This research used a quantitative method by distributing the questionnaire to 300 respondents in Aceh Tamiang, Pidie Jaya and Aceh Tengah, Indonesia. The data analyzed by using the Spearman correlation with the assistance of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to determining the relationship between two variables; social capital and poverty in farmers. Main Findings: This study found that there is a positive and significant correlation between social capital and the level of poverty. Famers who have a higher stock of social capital are found to be lower in the poverty rate. Applications of this study: The finding of this study is useful for the government of the Aceh government to explore and strengthen farmers' social capital to empowering their economies. It would be relevant to decreasing the poverty rate according to farmers in Aceh. Novelty/Originality of this study: The case of poverty in Aceh was widely explained by the numbers of the researcher. But there is no recent publication that has explained the relationship between poverty and social capital in Aceh. Therefore a strong level of social capital will be able to significantly reduce poverty in Aceh.

scholarly journals Social Evaluation of Faces Across Gender and Familiarity

Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 471-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Mileva ◽  
Robin S. S. Kramer ◽  
A.Mike Burton
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unfamiliar Face ◽  
Image Rating ◽  
High Dominance ◽  
The Relationship

Models of social evaluation aim to capture the information people use to form first impressions of unfamiliar others. However, little is currently known about the relationship between perceived traits across gender. In Study 1, we asked viewers to provide ratings of key social dimensions (dominance, trustworthiness, etc.) for multiple images of 40 unfamiliar identities. We observed clear sex differences in the perception of dominance—with negative evaluations of high dominance in unfamiliar females but not males. In Study 2, we used the social evaluation context to investigate the key predictions about the importance of pictorial information in familiar and unfamiliar face processing. We compared the consistency of ratings attributed to different images of the same identities and demonstrated that ratings of images depicting the same familiar identity are more tightly clustered than those of unfamiliar identities. Such results imply a shift from image rating to person rating with increased familiarity, a finding which generalises results previously observed in studies of identification.

scholarly journals TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IN SAUDI ARABIA AND THE ROLE OF SOCIAL FACTORS

Transport ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attiyah Al-Atawi ◽  
Wafaa Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Travel Decisions

Travel behaviour research indicates that travel decisions are usually influenced by accessibility as well as characteristics of the transport systems. Factors such as travel times, travel costs, waiting times, walking times have the most significant contributions in mode choice and travel decisions. In the case of developing countries however, the most influencing factors for travel behaviour and decisions are the social factors. This is very important for transport modellers and decision makers to realise in order to achieve appropriate design and implementations of various transport policies. The influence of social and economic factors on travel behaviour are discussed and investigated in this paper. In Saudi Arabia, a randomly selected sample of 1220 households was interviewed in the Tabuk city of the Saudi Arabia and data on their socio-economic and trip-making behaviour was obtained. The relative impact of socioeconomic variables on household travel behaviour was discussed and discrete choice models were calibrated. These types of studies can be useful in the development of plans, programs and policies for the improvement of transportation systems in urban areas of the Saudi Arabia and other similar countries in the region. The findings show that the social factors have the most important impact on travel behaviour in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Social Dynamics Simulation Using a Multi-Layer Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13744
Author(s):  
Nao Sugiki ◽  
Shogo Nagao ◽  
Fumitaka Kurauchi ◽  
Mustafa Mutahari ◽  
Kojiro Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Virtual City ◽  
Urban Analysis ◽  
Changes Over Time

The analysis and evaluation of urban structure are important while considering sustainable urban policies. It is necessary to develop a method that can easily analyze the social dynamics that are the result of changes over time in urban transportation and land use. Therefore, by describing the relationships between various agents in urban areas as a network, it is possible to analyze them by focusing on their structures. However, since there are few existing studies on social dynamics using network-based methods, it is necessary to examine the validity and effectiveness of these methods. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of urban analysis and evaluation focusing on the network shape by describing the urban activities and modeling the dynamics with a multilayer network. In particular, we focus on household composition and individual facility access, examine what kind of interpretation is possible for network indicators, and mention the applicability of complex networks to urban analysis. The model was applied to a two-dimensional grid virtual city, and the household composition and individual facility accessibility were quantified using the centrality index.

12. Social Movement, Trade Unions, and Advocacy Networks

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico M. Rossi ◽  
Donatella della Porta
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
Advocacy Networks ◽  
Transnational Advocacy Networks ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between social movements, trade unions, and transnational advocacy networks of resistance to non-democratic regimes in the global wave of democratization. It considers views from social movement studies within the democratization literature as well as views of democratization within the social movement literature. It also examines the diverse roles played by movements, depending on the type of democratization process and the stage in which mobilizations emerge (resistance, liberalization, transition to procedural democracy, consolidation, expansion). The chapter identifies a host of factors that produce the most favourable setting for democratization, including a non-syndical strike wave and/or a pro-democracy cycle of protest; increased political organization in urban areas, and a relatively dense resistance network; and the existence of pro-democratic elites able to integrate the demands for democracy coming from below (at least until transition is well initiated).

scholarly journals Gentrification, transnational gentrification and touristification in Seville, Spain

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (15) ◽  
pp. 3044-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Jover ◽  
Ibán Díaz-Parra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Global Pattern ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Increased international tourism in large European cities has been a growing social and political issue over the last few years. As the number of urban tourists has rapidly grown, studies have often focused on its socio-spatial consequences, commonly referred to as touristification, and have linked this to gentrification. This connection makes sense within the framework of planetary gentrification theories because the social injustices it generates in cities have a global pattern. However, gentrification is a complex process that must be analytically differentiated from tourism strategies and their effects. Whereas gentrification means a lower income population replaced by one of a higher status, touristification consists of an increase in tourist activity that generally implies the loss of residents. Strategies to appropriate and marketise culture to sustain tourism-led economies can also shape more attractive places for foreign wealthy newcomers, whose arrival has been theorised as transnational gentrification. Discussions on the relationship between gentrification, transnational gentrification and touristification are essential, especially regarding how they work in transforming an urban area’s social fabric, for which Seville, Spain’s fourth largest city with an economy specialised in cultural tourism, provides a starting point. The focus is set on the processes’ timelines and similar patterns, which are tested on three consecutive scales of analysis: the city, the historic district and the Alameda neighbourhood. Through the examination of these transformations, the article concludes that transnational gentrification and touristification are new urban strategies and practices to revalorise real estate and appropriate urban surplus in unique urban areas.

scholarly journals Making Sense of Shame

Philosophy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
James Laing
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sense Of Shame ◽  
The Way

Abstract In this paper, I argue that we face a challenge in understanding the relationship between the ‘value-oriented’ and ‘other-oriented’ dimensions of shame. On the one hand, an emphasis on shame's value-oriented dimension leads naturally to ‘The Self-Evaluation View’, an account which faces a challenge in explaining shame's other-oriented dimension. This is liable to push us towards ‘The Social Evaluation View’. However The Social Evaluation View faces the opposite challenge of convincingly accommodating shame's ‘value-oriented’ dimension. After rejecting one attempt to chart a middle course between these extremes, I argue that progress can be made if we reject the widespread assumption that the other-oriented dimension of shame is best understood primarily terms of our concern with the way we appear to others. Instead, I outline an account which treats shame as manifesting our desire primarily for interpersonal connection and which elucidates the property of shamefulness in terms of merited avoidance (or rejection).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document