Zum Begriff des Wertes in der Ethik Immanuel Kants

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-575
Author(s):  
Sabine Salloch
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Ethical Orientation ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Moral Conflicts ◽  
Formal Procedure ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Improve Stability

Abstract The reference to “values” as normatively guiding structures is widespread in contemporary political and societal discussions. Values are expected to improve stability and provide ethical orientation in modern civilizations which are shaped by manifold cultural influences. At the same time values are often underdetermined, not well legitimized and difficult to interpret in concrete cases. The article takes up such appeals to “values” and contrasts them with Kant’s concept of moral value (in the singular). Moral value, according to Kant, remains dependent on the moral law as a formal procedure. Key issues for the understanding of moral value in Kant refer to overdetermined action and to the acquisition of maxims in life practice. An analysis of these aspects comes to the conclusion that the Kantian concept of moral value bypasses problems associated with the appeal to “values” and is promising for dealing with moral conflicts in modern societies.

scholarly journals Orthodox Christian Bulgarians Coping with Natural Disasters in the Pre-Modern Ottoman Balkans

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Raymond Detrez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
World View ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Ottoman Balkans

Premodern Ottoman society consisted of four major religious communities—Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, and Jews; the Muslim and Christian communities also included various ethnic groups, as did Muslim Arabs and Turks, Orthodox Christian Bulgarians, Greeks, and Serbs who identified, in the first place, with their religious community and considered ethnic identity of secondary importance. Having lived together, albeit segregated within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, for centuries, Bulgarians and Turks to a large extent shared the same world view and moral value system and tended to react in a like manner to various events. The Bulgarian attitudes to natural disasters, on which this contribution focuses, apparently did not differ essentially from that of their Turkish neighbors. Both proceeded from the basic idea of God’s providence lying behind these disasters. In spite of the (overwhelmingly Western) perception of Muslims being passive and fatalistic, the problem whether it was permitted to attempt to escape “God’s wrath” was coped with in a similar way as well. However, in addition to a comparable religious mental make-up, social circumstances and administrative measures determining equally the life conditions of both religious communities seem to provide a more plausible explanation for these similarities than cross-cultural influences.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY LAW CULTURE FORMING

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-146
Author(s):  
Yuliia Liebiedieva
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
High Level ◽  
Law Training ◽  
Behaviour Law ◽  
Ukrainian Society

In article question of law culture forming as value measuring of law persuasions is researched. Placed goal of article - determination of components and factors, that determine law culture forming. Tasks of article are determined by creating notion about components, structure and factors that form law position. Included determinations of law culture forming. Next components of law culture: law, lawrelationship, lawmind, legality and laworder, law behaviour, law socialization, law thinking, law active, lawful behaviour, system of law training and law education were placed. Connection between components of law culture was analysed, that make understand possibilities incarnation moral value in law activity and development of individe’s and state’s law culture, practical realization of law knowledge, that regulate different norms of social relationship. Led synthesis of law culture forming of personal age special features, that make conclusions about different corelations of law knowledge, law position, and presence of other components of law culture in some boards of young people and professionals. Comparative analysis of forming law culture of young people and professionals, personality and law views was made. By deductive method effectiveness of building democracy and destroying negative social phenomenon as way of forming high level of law culture was proved. Inductive and dialectical methods determine influence for separate components of law knowledge and persuasions, skills transformation of totalitary system to democracy and changes in this context moral-law value. In article analysed results of forming law culture, which may become achieved level of law behaviour, law training and erudition, development of law mind and possibility of using law knowledge, habits and skills by empiric methods were analysed. Certified, that law culture becomes показником of value of person and state.

scholarly journals Dirty Hands and Moral Conflict – Lessons from the Philosophy of Evil

Philosophia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Nick
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Moral Conflict ◽  
Dirty Hands ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Moral Conflicts ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Qualitative Distinction ◽  
Do So

Abstract According to one understanding of the problem of dirty hands, every case of dirty hands is an instance of moral conflict, but not every instance of moral conflict is a case of dirty hands. So, what sets the two apart? The dirty hands literature has offered widely different answers to this question but there has been relatively little discussion about their relative merits as well as challenges. In this paper I evaluate these different accounts by making clear which understanding of concept distinctness underlies them and which of them is, ultimately, the most plausible one in the case of dirty hands and ordinary moral conflict. In order to do so, I will borrow from the terminology employed in recent debates in the philosophy of evil which have tackled a similar problem to the one at hand, i.e. defining what sets evil apart from ordinary wrongdoing. Here it has been argued that concepts could be distinct in three ways: they can have a quantitative difference, a strong qualitative or a moderate qualitative difference. I conclude that the most convincing definition of dirty hands draws a moderate qualitative distinction between ordinary moral conflict according to which dirty hands are those moral conflicts that involve a serious violation or betrayal of a core moral value.

scholarly journals CEOs Remuneration in Corporate Governance Codes in EU Member Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Piotr Urbanek
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corporate Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Corporate Governance Codes ◽  
Formal Procedure ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
High Level

Over the past two decades corporate governance has become one of the key issues in business and academic debates. The appropriate standards of corporate governance constitute important components of successful market economies. At the same time it is widely emphasized that contemporary mechanisms by which enterprises are directed and controlled are seriously defective. There is a need for profound reforms in corporate governance mechanisms. The growing interest in corporate governance codes among OECD countries is a very important component of these reforms. The purpose of the paper is to compare regulations in corporate governance codes in 27 EU countries concerning remuneration of top executives. It enables identifying two main mechanisms which are implemented in CG codes – market mechanism based on high level of remuneration transparency and hierarchical mechanism based on setting rules according to which corporate boards establish a formal procedure for fixing the remuneration packages of executives. The paper presents the discussion on determinants of these two mechanisms.

Human Rights, Fact or Fiction?: ‘Human Rights and “the Risk of Freedom”’

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-81
Author(s):  
John R. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Reproductive Rights ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Right To Die ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Pope John Paul Ii ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Subjective Rights

Before the General Assembly of the United Nations Pope John Paul II declared that the quest for freedom points to the existence of ‘natural rights’ that reflect the objective and inviolable demands of a universal moral law. While this assertion was well received by those in attendance, an important question remains: how are we to reconcile this universal vision of human rights with the current plethora of disputable legislated rights? Ernest Fortin claims the problem is rooted in the fact that modern ‘rights talk’ emphasizes individual subjective rights over the objective reality of human nature, and Alasdair Maclntyre even questions the moral value of human rights because they are all too easily manipulated by those who view them as self-evident truths. When you add to these observations the appearance of such controversial individual entitlements as ‘reproductive rights’, ‘sex rights’, ‘the right to same-sex marriage’ and the ‘right to die’, it is not surprising to hear people calling for a silencing of ‘rights talk’.

Probing vacancies and structural distortions at individual defects in ceramics using EELS

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 678-679
Author(s):  
D. J. Wallis ◽  
N. D. Browning
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Key Issues

In electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), the near-edge region of a core-loss edge contains information on high-order atomic correlations. These correlations give details of the 3-D atomic structure which can be elucidated using multiple-scattering (MS) theory. MS calculations use real space clusters making them ideal for use in low-symmetry systems such as defects and interfaces. When coupled with the atomic spatial resolution capabilities of the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), there therefore exists the ability to obtain 3-D structural information from individual atomic scale structures. For ceramic materials where the structure-property relationships are dominated by defects and interfaces, this methodology can provide unique information on key issues such as like-ion repulsion and the presence of vacancies, impurities and structural distortion.An example of the use of MS-theory is shown in fig 1, where an experimental oxygen K-edge from SrTiO3 is compared to full MS-calculations for successive shells (a shell consists of neighboring atoms, so that 1 shell includes only nearest neighbors, 2 shells includes first and second-nearest neighbors, and so on).

Ethnic And Cultural Influences And Intervention On Mid-Life Decisions: The ENDOW Study

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cora E. Lewis ◽  
Theresa Byrd ◽  
Heather E. McCreath ◽  
Therese E. Goetz ◽  
Janet Y. Groff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Life Decisions
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