Nascent Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and the Moderators of Race, Gender, and Government Support

Abstract In a better attempt to understand nascent entrepreneurship, this paper explores the relationship between opportunity recognition and the entrepreneurial intent of nascent entrepreneurs. Contrary to conventional wisdom, research on this relationship is fragmented and empirically underdeveloped. In addition, the contextual and perceptual boundary conditions of government support, gender, and minorities are explored. We surveyed 1246 nascent entrepreneurs in the state of Florida, which is the largest data set on this topic in Florida. Respondents answered 55 survey questions on potential barriers to entrepreneurship to help understand how their context impacts their intent to start a new business. Our empirical results indicate that opportunity recognition by nascent entrepreneurs significantly affects entrepreneurial intent, the strength of which is moderated by government support and gender, but not by minorities. Our study is a direct response to the call-in existing entrepreneurship literature for new research in geographically narrower contexts as the largest survey-based study at the state level in the US that we know of. We extend and demarcate entrepreneurial self-efficacy into a new context while clarifying boundary conditions. Lastly, our dependent variable measures intensity of intention to start a business along a time dimension which empirically narrows the gap between studies on entrepreneurial intention and studies on entrepreneurial action.

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Engagement Through the Diaspora Channel

10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Michael S. Danielson

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Statistical Models ◽

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Political Factors ◽

Data Set ◽

Level Data ◽

Municipal Level

The first empirical task is to identify the characteristics of municipalities which US-based migrants have come together to support financially. Using a nationwide, municipal-level data set compiled by the author, the chapter estimates several multivariate statistical models to compare municipalities that did not benefit from the 3x1 Program for Migrants with those that did, and seeks to explain variation in the number and value of 3x1 projects. The analysis shows that migrants are more likely to contribute where migrant civil society has become more deeply institutionalized at the state level and in places with longer histories as migrant-sending places. Furthermore, the results suggest that political factors are at play, as projects have disproportionately benefited states and municipalities where the PAN had a stronger presence, with fewer occurring elsewhere.

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Estimating Extent of Vulnerability of Agriculture and Livelihoods to Climate Change

Journal of Management and Strategy ◽

10.5430/jms.v9n2p82 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

K. V. Raju ◽

A. V. R. Kesava Rao ◽

R. S. Deshpande

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

State Level ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

The State ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Data Set ◽

Index Analysis ◽

Agricultural Vulnerability ◽

Hilly Region

Vulnerability assessments can play a vital role in designing appropriate adaptation and mitigation policies targeted towards climate change and its impacts on ecosystems, and those who depend upon these resources for their livelihoods. This paper assesses climate change in Karnataka, the agriculture and livelihoods contexts of vulnerability. Karnataka state has the second largest area under rainfed agriculture in India and several studies have shown that climate change is happening in the state. Agriculture sector is vulnerable to climate variability and change across its three regions: coastal, hilly and plains.Long-period monthly rainfall data (1901-2016) at district, region and state level was collected from India Meteorological Department and other sources and changes in seasonal and annual rainfall are analyzed. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was run on a dataset of seven variables for agricultural vulnerability and ten variables for livelihood vulnerability across thirty districts. The PCA generated three components for each index that broadly represented the underlying themes of agriculture and livelihood vulnerability present in the larger data set. Two vulnerability indices i.e., agricultural vulnerability index and livelihood vulnerability index were developed for all districts.Long-period rainfall analysis showed a small decreasing trend in annual rainfall at the state level. South-eastern region is becoming slightly wetter, while parts of hilly region becoming drier. In one district, rainfall reduced by 460 mm and in the neighbour it raised by 250 mm. Decadal meteorological drought analysis indicated an increasing trend in moderate droughts in north interior Karnataka. Indicators like cropping intensity, gross area irrigated and commercial crop area are the major drivers in determining the agricultural vulnerability. Livelihood index indicators like per capita income, population density, percentage of literacy rate and livestock units are major drivers for livelihood vulnerability. Agricultural vulnerability index analysis indicates four districts and livelihood vulnerability index analysis shows five districts as most vulnerable.

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The Evolution of Bank Supervisory Institutions: Evidence from American States

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050715001126 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 819-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kris James Mitchener ◽

Matthew Jaremski

Keyword(s):

Commercial Banks ◽

State Legislatures ◽

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Data Set ◽

Structural Shift ◽

American States ◽

The Creation

We use a novel data set spanning 1820–1910 to assess the factors leading to the creation of formal bank supervisory institutions across American states. We show that it took more than a century for all states to create separate agencies tasked with monitoring the safety and soundness of banks. State legislatures initially pursued cheaper regulatory alternatives, such as double liability laws; however, banking distress at the state level as well as the structural shift from note-issuing to deposit-taking commercial banks and competition with national banks propelled policymakers to adopt costly and permanent supervisory institutions.

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The Impact Of The COVID-19 Pandemic On Business Activities In Ukraine

10.21272/hem.2020.1-07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

Volodymyr Boronos ◽

Oleksii Zakharkin ◽

Liudmyla Zakharkina ◽

Yuliia Bilous

Keyword(s):

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Government Support ◽

Insurance Fund ◽

Financial Security ◽

Investment Activity ◽

General Decline ◽

Study Results ◽

Business Entities ◽

The Impact

The article summarizes the arguments and counter-arguments within the scientific discussion on financial security and business resilience to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The bibliometric analysis allowed to determine the appearance of terms in time and revealed the latest research topics. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to solving this problem showed that business in Ukraine and other countries had suffered significantly from introducing anti-epidemic restrictions, the need for which is recognized by the world community. The consequences of such measures were manifested in falling GDP, industrial production index, and declining investment activity at the state level. Unemployment has risen significantly, leading to an additional burden on the Compulsory State Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine in the event of unemployment. The negative effects of the pandemic crisis have also been reflected in the deterioration of businesses’ financial performance, especially in industry, transport, temporary accommodation and catering. In these types of economic activity, the share of unprofitable enterprises reaches 73%, which significantly undermines the financial security of Ukraine. The study aims to assess the impact of the pandemic crisis on business and analyze ways to mitigate such impacts, which should be used at the state level in Ukraine. The study’s methodological tools were the methods of scientific abstraction, comparative and systematic analysis and synthesis, systematization, and logical generalization. The study results showed that the pandemic had the greatest impact on small and medium-sized businesses, where more than 60% of entrepreneurs suffered losses or went bankrupt altogether. Big businesses have become more resilient, but they have also faced significant problems with a general decline in business activity, disruption of logistics processes, losses from employee illness and anti-epidemic measures. Analysis of the risks that arose in the business due to pandemic factors showed that they are manifested in a decrease in revenue and profit, deteriorating profitability, increased costs for storage of finished products and marketing activities. The study showed that in today’s economic environment, effective government support for business should be carried out to form an appropriate mechanism that uses the socio-economic potential of business entities and effectively allocates financial resources.

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Medicaid 101: A Primer for Speech-Language Pathologists in Education Settings

Perspectives on School-Based Issues ◽

10.1044/sbi12.1.3 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

Janet Deppe ◽

Marie Ireland

Keyword(s):

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Inspector General ◽

Medical Necessity ◽

School Settings ◽

Speech Language Pathologist ◽

School Based ◽

Emerging Trends

This paper will provide the school-based speech-language pathologist (SLP) with an overview of the federal requirements for Medicaid, including provider qualifications, “under the direction of” rule, medical necessity, and covered services. Billing, documentation, and reimbursement issues at the state level will be examined. A summary of the findings of the Office of Inspector General audits of state Medicaid plans is included as well as what SLPs need to do in order to ensure that services are delivered appropriately. Emerging trends and advocacy tools will complete the primer on Medicaid services in school settings.

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