Fire resistance of wood treated with various ionic liquids (ILs)

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Miyafuji ◽  
Yoshiyuki Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermal Analyzer ◽  
Morphologic Changes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for their potential as reagents for enhancing the fire resistance of wood. The following ILs were in focus: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C2mim][PF6]). Supposedly, these ILs do not dissolve or degrade wood components to a large extent. No morphologic changes were observed in any IL-treated wood samples, but they showed an enhanced fire resistance compared with that of untreated wood. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated that the ILs are penetrated into the cell walls. The wood treated with [C2mim][PF6] exhibited the highest fire resistance based on thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyzer studies: it was more resistant against flaming at approximately 350°C and the subsequent glowing at higher temperatures. This enhanced fire resistance was interpreted by dehydration in the presence of the ILs under observation. In general, ILs are promising reagents for improving the thermal properties of wood.

Lutidinium-based ionic liquids for efficient dissolution of cellulose

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2299-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Samikannu ◽  
Shashi Kant Shukla ◽  
Ajaikumar Samikannu ◽  
Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Mas Nmr ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cp Mas Nmr ◽  
Efficient Dissolution ◽  
Scanning Electron

Herein, we have studied the potential of lutidinium-based ionic liquids in the dissolution of cellulose as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 13C CP/MAS NMR, spectroscopic methods.

Metallography, Microanalysis & Corrosion of the Athlit Ram

2011 ◽  
Vol 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Notis ◽  
M. Hoban ◽  
D-N. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Optical Metallography ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Wood Analysis ◽  
Maritime Museum ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTThe Athlit ram, a bronze warship ram from a 2nd Century BCE Roman-era galley, was found in 1980 off the coast of Israel at Athlit, and is now displayed at the National Maritime Museum, Haifa, Israel. It meant to fit on the prow of a medium-sized oared warship. This ram is the only known surviving example of this ancient naval weapon. Inside the bronze ram some of the ship’s wood is still preserved. We have recently studied a piece of the ram removed during early conservation. Remnant metal, corrosion products, and mineralized and pseudomorphed wood have all been found and examined by light optical metallography, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microanalysis using energy dispersive x-ray mapping. The main corrosion product on the Athlit Ram is identified as covellite (CuS), and the entrained material is pseudomorphed cedar wood. Analysis indicates the lumen to be replaced by calcium carbonate and the cell walls to be replaced by covellite, consistent with the matrix.

Synthesis of BaCO3 Nanostructures with Different Morphologies in Water/Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Mixed Solvents

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Liu ◽  
Rong Yi Lin ◽  
Zhi Wang ◽  
Jie Liang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Barium Carbonate ◽  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Room Temperature Ionic Liquids ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Barium carbonate (BaCO3) crystals with different morphologies were synthesized using BaCl2·2H2O by a carbonation method in water/ionic liquids (ILs) mixed solvents. The as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicated that the types of ILs and the mole ratio of water to ILs played important roles in determining the morphologies of the products. The analysis of the XRD pattern showed that ILs had an influence on the crystallinity of BaCO3. When the mole ratio of water to ILs increased, the size of BaCO3 crystals increased and the morphology gradually changed from spherical to oval and rod-like. A microemulsion model was employed to explain this mechanism.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thin Section Microanalysis of Plant Cells

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
E. Laurence Thurston ◽  
John C. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
Blue Green Alga ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Electron Detector ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Thin sections (2000 Å) of the filamentous blue-green alga, Fischerella ambigua, containing large (0.6μ) structured granules (fig. 1, 2), stinging cell walls of Urtica dioica (common nettle), and isolated bean mitochondria were examined with a scanning electron microscope equipped with a transmitted electron detector and an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer. Specimens were fixed in unbuffered 3% glutaraldehyde at 4° C for 2 hours, dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in an Araldite/Epon mixture for microanalysis. Sections were cut at 2000 Å and mounted unstained on 75 mesh Formvar coated copper grids, or 300 mesh uncoated copper grids. Specimen contrast was excellent without post-staining, and specimen resolution when viewed with the transmitted electron detector was approximately 100 Å.Because of limited space this discussion is restricted mostly to the analysis of the structured granules in Fischerella.

The Factors that Affect the Absorption of CO2 on the Lithium Zirconate Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 117-119 ◽  
pp. 769-772
Author(s):  
Yin Jie Wang ◽  
Ji Ping Liu ◽  
Mei Xiu Kan ◽  
Xiao Bing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Monoclinic Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lithium Zirconate ◽  
Thermal Analyzer ◽  
Morphology And Structure ◽  
Scanning Electron

Use the Monoclinic phase of nano-scale ZrO2 , Li2ZrO3 and MgO as raw materials, with high temperature solid state reaction, we synthesized the Lithium zirconate materials which can directly absorb CO2 at high temperatures of 450~550°C. Then use the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the morphology and structure analysis. The CO2 absorption properties were tested by thermal analyzer (TG). The experimental results showed that the amount of MgO addition affected the Lithium zirconate’s CO2 absorption properties, but to the pH and surface area, there is on influence.

scholarly journals Reversible Deposition and Dissolution of Magnesium from Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
QingSong Zhao ◽  
Yanna NuLi ◽  
Tuerxun Nasiman ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
JiuLin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Imidazolium Cation ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imidazolium Cations ◽  
Scanning Electron

The electrochemical performance of six imidazolium cation-based ionic liquids (ILs) containing 0.3 mol L-1Mg(CF3SO3)2as the electrolytes for magnesium deposition-dissolution was examined by cyclic voltammogramms and constant current discharge-charge techniques. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements were conducted to characterize the morphologies and components of the deposits. The cathodic satiability of imidazolium cations can be improved by increasing the length of alkyls at the 1-position and introducing methyl group at the 2-position of the imidazolium cations. A reversible magnesium deposition-dissolution can be achieved at room temperature. After adding appreciate amount of tetrahydrofuran (THF) organic solvent, the conductivity and the peak currents for Mg deposition and dissolution can be significantly improved. The potential polarization of deposition-dissolution process is decreased using Mg powder electrode.

Sem Studies of Co-Cr-Mo Surgical Implant Alloy Corrosion Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
Ann Chidester Van Orden ◽  
John L. Chidester ◽  
Anna C. Fraker ◽  
Pei Sung
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Anodic Polarization ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Saturated Calomel Electrode ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Scanning Electron

The influence of small variations in the composition on the corrosion behavior of Co-Cr-Mo alloys has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and electrochemical measurements. SEM and EDX data were correlated with data from in vitro corrosion measurements involving repassivation and also potentiostatic anodic polarization measurements. Specimens studied included the four alloys shown in Table 1. Corrosion tests were conducted in Hanks' physiological saline solution which has a pH of 7.4 and was held at a temperature of 37°C. Specimens were mechanically polished to a surface finish with 0.05 µm A1203, then exposed to the solution and anodically polarized at a rate of 0.006 v/min. All voltages were measured vs. the saturated calomel electrode (s.c.e.).. Specimens had breakdown potentials near 0.47V vs. s.c.e.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

Use of SEM, X-ray analysis and TEM to localize Fe3+ reduction in roots

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 392-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
P. F. Bell ◽  
Rufus L. Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Young Root ◽  
Insoluble Precipitate ◽  
Uptake And Transport ◽  
Scanning Electron

In dicotyledons, Fe3+ must be reduced to Fe2+ before uptake and transport of this essential macronutrient can occur. Ambler et al demonstrated that reduction along the root could be observed by the formation of a stain, Prussian blue (PB), Fe4 [Fe(CN)6]3 n H2O (where n = 14-16). This stain, which is an insoluble precipitate, forms at the reduction site when the nutrient solution contains Fe3+ and ferricyanide. In 1972, Chaney et al proposed a model which suggested that the Fe3+ reduction site occurred outside the cell membrane; however, no physical evidence to support the model was presented at that time. A more recent study using the PB stain indicates that rapid reduction of Fe3+ occurs in a region of the root containing young root hairs. Furthermore the most pronounced activity occurs in plants that are deficient in Fe. To more precisely localize the site of Fe3+ reduction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to examine the distribution of the PB precipitate that was induced to form in roots.

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