Ein glücksökonomisch modifizierter Human Development Index für Deutschland (1920-1960)

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-278
Author(s):  
Tobias A. Jopp

Abstract The United Nations’ Human Development Index (HDI) has become an important tool for measuring and comparing living standards between countries and regions. However, the HDI has also attracted a fair share of conceptual criticism. Starting from Andrea Wagner’s historical estimations of a HDI for Germany in the interwar and early postwar period, we take up part of that criticism by implementing three essential modifications to the mode of calculation. We test how far they alter our picture of the relative living standard in the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, and the Federal Republic of Germany. First, we replace the arithmetic mean by the geometric mean, which is said to solve the problem of perfect substitutability; second, we extend the HDI by an additional fourth dimension measuring economic and political freedom – an important, though neglected, dimension; and third, as the perhaps most crucial conceptual intervention, we develop weighting schemes for the partial indices that are theoretically backed by happiness economic research. Thus, we challenge the common, but arbitrary fundamental assumption that all partial indices receive equal weights. Our results show that the HDI for Germany reacts very sensitively to conceptual interventions, making it difficult to use it for the intertemporal and international comparison of living standards. We also find that the proposed modified HDIs allow for a re-evaluation of the living standard in interwar Germany; and in contrast to what the reference estimations on the HDI for Germany say, there is a profound discontinuity between the Third Reich and post-war Germany in terms of living standards.

Author(s):  
Antonio Escudero ◽  
Pedro M. Pérez Castroviejo

AbstractRecent research on working-class living standards during the Industrial Revolution has shown that wages do not cover all welfare components — for instance, working conditions, leisure time or the «access rights» needed make one prosper (health, education and freedom). This is why studies have been published in which wages are compared with other living standard indicators. Following this line of research, our paper examines the evolution of welfare among Biscayan miners between 1876 and 1936 by contrasting real wages, Human Development Index and height. An additional contribution of the paper is that we relate the high morbi-mortality in the Biscayan working-class neighbourhoods with market failures derived from urbanisation, a connection not explicitly considered in the literature on living standards during the Industrial Revolution. These market failures were known by liberal politicians because the hygienists urged the intervention of the State to correct or, at least, ease them. However, the town councils in the Bilbao mining zone took more than 20 years to put into practice the measures proposed by the hygienists.


2000 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 62-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Horrell

Two composite measures are calculated to map improvements in living standards over the 20th century: the Dasgupta–Weale index and the Human Development Index. A gendered version of the latter is also considered. Indicators of income, leisure, inequality, wealth, health, education and political rights are included. The indices reveal a century of progress. But progress has been neither continuous nor uniformly shared. Downturns are evident in some of the indicators since 1980, demonstrating that the gains are not immutable and need to be protected. Women‘s position has improved if the end of the century is compared to its beginning, but there has been little change in women's position relative to men's over the last few decades on the dimensions considered here.


POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Elena V. Ryumina

The article offeres an approach to including ecological factor in the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is aimed at reflecting the quality of life of population, which is defined along with other important characteristics and state of environment. However, there is still no ecological living conditions of population in the formalized representation of HDI. Two directions of constructing ecologically adjusted HDI are developed: introducing ecological index to HDR, and using ecologically adjusted GDP/GRP in income index. Ecological index reflecting the state of environment in the places of residence and recreation of population is constructed on the basis of indicators of the number of air/water samples exceeding the ambient standards, as a percentage of the total number of examined samples. This indicator is presented in the annex to the statistical handbook «Environment Protection in Russia» for all regions. It is offered to modify the index of income in HDI by subtraction of the economic damage caused by pollution from income, as this part of income does not go to growth of the population welfare, but only compensates for the damage. For implementation of this approach there is no official statistics, and in the study was used the database accumulated by the author over many years of ecological-economic research. As a result, there was calculated ecologically adjusted HDI for all 85 regions in comparison with the traditional HDI. In 14 regions with the best ecological situation the HDI value grew, in the others it decreased. Some of the regions formerly leading by the HDI value lost their positions. Comparing the impact on HDI of ecological index on the one hand, and of modifications of income index on the other, showed an incomparably greater role of the introduction of ecological index.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Jasasila Jasasila

Human development is a process and an outcome that is the process of enlarging people's choices but also becoming a goal. Human development implies that people must influence the processes that shape their lives. Human development is the development of society through the building of human capabilities, by society through active participation in the processes that shape life and society by improving their lives. It is broader than other approaches, such as the human resources approach, the basic needs approach and the human welfare approach. The problem of this research is how the development of the Human Development Index in Jambi Province in 2010-2019, the second problem is how to analyze the dimensions that form the Human Development Index in Jambi Province in 2010-2019, while the purpose of this study is, To determine the Development of the Human Development Index in the Province Jambi in 2010-2019 and to analyze the dimensions forming the human development index of Jambi Province in 2010-2019. The type of research that the writer uses in this thesis is the type of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The data that is sought in this study is in the form of numerical data which includes data on life expectancy at birth, expectations of length of schooling and average length of schooling which are obtained from the official website of the BPS (Central Statistics Agency) Jambi Province. The results of this study indicate that during the period 2010 to 2019 the HDI of Jambi Province showed great progress. In 2019, the HDI of Jambi Province has reached 71 points, which means that it has increased from the “Medium” to “High” level compared to 2017. During the 2010-2019 period, the HDI of Jambi Province in the Health Sector has always shown an increase, the highest development was in 2019 of 0.23% and the lowest development was in 2017 at 0.07%. During 2010-2019 the HDI of Jambi Province in the Education Sector has always shown an increase, the highest increase in the indicator of long school expectancy (HLS) was in 2013 at 3.75 % and the lowest development was in 2019 at 0.23% and the highest development in the average length of school (RLS) indicator was in 2012 at 2.80% and the lowest development was in 2015 at 0.50%. During 2010-2019, the HDI of Jambi Province in the Decent Living Standard Sector has always shown an increase, the highest development was in 2018 at 4.82% and the lowest development was in 2013 at 0.80%.


2021 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Anna Kachanova

The paper discusses possible ways to overcome one of the most relevant global problems – poverty in the developing countries. The study is based on a component analysis of the Human Development Index as a quantitative indicator of living standards for the three poorest countries in Sub–Saharan Africa – Burkina Faso, Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire – with close economic, geographical and diplomatic ties. The standard of living in each of the three countries and its dependence on four groups of the most important factors (export and import levels, net current transfers from abroad, grants from the International Development Association etc.) are analyzed. The human development index is used in the study as an indicator that most fully reflects the actual situation in the state in terms of living conditions of the population and opportunities for development available to them. The analysis carried out in the article made it possible to reveal the strength and direction of the relationship between the standard of living in each of the countries (HDI) and the factors identified earlier. Particular interest in the article is given to the description and interpretation of the results, which at first glance seem paradoxical and impossible, but upon a more detailed examination acquire a certain meaning and high significance. Recommendations are given to improve the situation in each of the listed countries, taking into account their economic and social characteristics, problems and prospects. Particular attention is paid to identifying individual strategies that will allow each of the countries to qualitatively increase the standard of living of the population and will help accelerate the development of the national economy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 913-918
Author(s):  
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽  
Nany Salwa ◽  
Lyra Ornila ◽  
Amiruddin Hasan ◽  
Martahadi Mardhani

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measurement that analyzes a region's development in improving human development. The government's development plan aims to create a successful and peaceful life. The unbalanced development in every regency and city in Indonesia is a typical issue during the development process. It may also be shown that the HDI level changes across regencies and cities in Indonesia. This research aims to identify Indonesian regencies and cities based on HDI indices. K-Means clustering algorithm is the clustering method adopted. The results of the analysis formed 4 clusters. The first cluster consisted of 20 regencies with a low average HDI indicator. The second cluster consisted of 148 regencies and cities with an average HDI indicator is medium. The third cluster consisted of 88 regencies and cities with an average HDI indicator. The fourth cluster consists of 258 regencies and cities with high HDI indicators.


Author(s):  
A. Asmira ◽  
Muhammad Nadjib Bustan ◽  
Muhammad Kasim Aidid

Abstrak. Human development index (HDI) is a measure used in monitoring and evaluating human development. Indicators used to measure HDI consists of three basic components of quality of life that is the life chances, knowledge and decent living standards. Several factors are thought to affect the HDI in the district/city in South Sulawesi province that labor force participation rates, the ratio of school pupils, overcrowding, health facilities, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). When HDI and these factors are plotted then shows the pattern of data that is not to follow a certain pattern, so that the data can be applied to the nonparametric regression model spline truncated. Selection of the best model seen from the point of knots and the minimum value of GCV. Based on research, the value of the minimum GCV is at three knots point is equal to 5.33 Rated amounting to 80.29%.Keywords: Human development Index, GCV, Nonparametric Regression Spline, Knot Points


2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kurlander

The nature and intentions of Nazi economic policy are once again being hotly contested, although on a new set of terms. No longer is the German bourgeoisie's complicity in the Nazi “seizure of power” or the capitalist underpinnings of Hitler's subsequent aggressions at the center of the discussion. Rather, recent scholarship has chosen to grapple more carefully with the dynamic interplay between economics, race, and social policy in the Third Reich. As David Schoenbaum contended forty years ago, the Third Reich's apotheosization of “national community [Volksgemeinschaft]” led to an array of welfare programs, educational reforms, and “meritocratic” values that may in fact have produced a modern “social revolution.” To be sure, a number of subsequent studies have highlighted longer-term continuities, suggesting that the NaziSozialstaatwas indebted in some part to the legacy of the Weimar Republic and in other respects presaged the social policies of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Historians likewise continue to debate the relative improvement in living standards experienced by the average German under Hitler. Virtually all scholars agree, however, that, regardless of its efficacy, the underpinnings of Nazi social policy are to be located in the Third Reich's drive to construct a racial utopia at home while securing popular support for wars of conquest abroad.


Author(s):  
Лариса Савинкина ◽  
Larisa Savinkina ◽  
Екатерина Дроздова ◽  
Ekaterina Drozdova ◽  
Г. Перминова ◽  
...  

The paper presents the results of the research revealing the economic activity of the population of Asia-Pacific countries (The Republic of Korea, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the People’s Republic of China) who have a high human development index. The data of the paper were received with the help of the methodology developed by the International Labour Organization. The authors have come to the conclusion that countries with a high human development index are characterized by the average level of the economic activity of the population (not exceeding 65%). This level allows a person or a household to have the income which is enough to provide high living standards, invest into human capital assets, and raise the human development index. Consequently, the economic activity of the population makes provisions for human development which in turn refi nes the quality and eff ectiveness of the country’s manpower.


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