Antonym adjective pairs and prosodic iconicity: evidence from letter replications in an English blogger corpus

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Fuchs ◽  
Egor Savin ◽  
Stephanie Solt ◽  
Cornelia Ebert ◽  
Manfred Krifka

AbstractWhile the general assumption has long been that natural languages exhibit an arbitrary pairing of form and meaning, there is increasing empirical evidence that iconicity in language is not uncommon. One example from spoken language involves iconic prosodic modulation, i.e. the changing of prosodic features such as duration and fundamental frequency to express meanings such as size and speed. In this paper, we use data from an English social media corpus, with 140 million words written by 19,320 bloggers, to investigate a counterpart to iconic prosodic modulation in written language, namely letter replications (e.g. loooong). We examine pairs of gradable adjectives such as short/long, tiny/huge and fast/slow, finding a higher frequency of letter replications for adjectives associated with greater size or spatial/temporal extent. We did not find an iconic effect on the number of replicated letters. Our results show evidence for iconic prosody in written language, and further demonstrate that social media databases offer an excellent opportunity to investigate naturalistic written language.

Author(s):  
Hye K. Pae

Abstract This chapter begins with the discussions of what language is and the relationship between spoken language and written language, along with the early view of language-is-speech in linguistics as well as a written-language bias. A series of questions are posed and answered, covering whether we think differently according to the language we speak, whether language affects thinking or thinking affects language, and what the impact of literacy is. These questions are closely related to the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Based on empirical evidence for linguistic relativity, script relativity is proposed as an extension. Fundamental challenges in research into both linguistic relativity and script relativity are identified. The chapter ends with the introduction to this book, including the scope of the volume, terminology used throughout the book, and intended audiences.


1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwartz ◽  
L. Nguyen ◽  
F. Kubala ◽  
G. CHou ◽  
G. Zavaliagkos ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Peter Francis Kornicki

This chapter focuses on the language rupture in East Asia, that is to say, the loss of the common written language known as literary Chinese or Sinitic. The gradual replacement of the cosmopolitan language Sinitic by the written vernaculars was a process similar in some ways to the replacement of Latin and Sanskrit by the European and South Asian vernaculars, as argued by Sheldon Pollock. However, Sinitic was not a spoken language, so the oral dimension of vernacularization cannot be ignored. Charles Ferguson’s notion of diglossia has been much discussed, but the problem in the context of East Asia is that the only spoken languages were the vernaculars and that Sinitic was capable of being read in any dialect of Chinese as well as in the vernaculars used in neighbouring societies.


2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 78-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hughes ◽  
Vanitha Swaminathan ◽  
Gillian Brooks

Influencer marketing is prevalent in firm strategies, yet little is known about the factors that drive success of online brand engagement at different stages of the consumer purchase funnel. The findings suggest that sponsored blogging affects online engagement (e.g., posting comments, liking a brand) differently depending on blogger characteristics and blog post content, which are further moderated by social media platform type and campaign advertising intent. When a sponsored post occurs on a blog, high blogger expertise is more effective when the advertising intent is to raise awareness versus increase trial. However, source expertise fails to drive engagement when the sponsored post occurs on Facebook. When a sponsored post occurs on Facebook, posts high in hedonic content are more effective when the advertising intent is to increase trial versus raise awareness. The effectiveness of campaign incentives depends on the platform type, such that they can increase (decrease) engagement on blogs (Facebook). The empirical evidence for these findings comes from real in-market customer response data and is supplemented with data from an experiment. Taken together, the findings highlight the critical interplay of platform type, campaign intent, source, campaign incentives, and content factors in driving engagement.


2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael McCarthy

AbstractAn important priority for the English Profile programme is to incorporate empirical evidence of the spoken language into the Common European Framework (CEFR). At present, the CEFR descriptors relating to the spoken language include references to fluency and its development as the learner moves from one level to another. This article offers a critique of the monologic bias of much of our current approach to spoken fluency. Fluency undoubtedly involves a degree of automaticity and the ability quickly to retrieve ready-made chunks of language. However, fluency also involves the ability to create flow and smoothness across turn-boundaries and can be seen as an interactive phenomenon in discourse. The article offers corpus evidence for the notion of confluence, that is the joint production of flow by more than one speaker, focusing in particular on turn-openings and closings. It considers the implications of an interactive view of fluency for pedagogy, assessment and in the broader social context.


2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1841-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. M. Ng ◽  
Tan Lee ◽  
Cheung-Chi Leung ◽  
Bin Ma ◽  
Haizhou Li

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Siska Amelia Maldin

There is a tendency of cases in transforming spoken and written language. A current debate was proposed about the role. This debate derives from current phenomenon which shows evidence which is related with learner mastery in the particular skills. Some learners are able to produce spoken form of language fluently, however, when it comes to writing, it is seen that they find difficulties and get disturbance to put down ideas and elaborate the ideas into a good writing.  Hence, two questions arise. First, to what extent is the nature of spoken and written language? Second, what are strategies to help learners in transforming their spoken language to the written production? Therefore, this article is proposed to explain the nature of spoken and written language and present any strategies to help learners in transforming their spoken language into the written forms.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arrasyd Arrasyd ◽  
Hamzah Hamzah

The purpose of this study was to find impoliteness strategies used by netizens to Jokowi-Maaruf and netizens to Prabowo-Sandi based on gender in YouTube comments section based on Culpeper`s theory (1996). This research was descriptive qualitative research based on impoliteness strategies phenomena in written language. The data on this research were words, phrases, and sentences in online comments that contained impoliteness strategies found in Indonesian Presidential debate 2019 in YouTube comment. The instruments of this research were Wi-Fi, laptop, writing equipment, and indicators of impoliteness strategies. The results of analysis showed that from 200 comments collected, there were 267 impoliteness strategies found. The reason why number of strategies found bigger than the data collected is because the commentators mostly performed more than one strategy in one utterance. Four by five strategies found in this research were bald on record, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm or mock politeness. The strategies that were not found ware withhold politeness because it only occurred in spoken language. The most used strategies were positive impoliteness. The highest user of positive impoliteness was male netizens to female netizens to Prabowo-Sandi (47%).


Virittäjä ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Auli Hakulinen ◽  
Lea Laitinen

Anaphoric zero: Grammar and affect [myös suomeksi] (englanti)2/2008 (112)Anaphoric zero: Grammar and affectThe article examines the syntactic and semantic properties of the anaphoric zero in spoken and written Finnish. Referentially, the zero is equivalent to the third person pronoun hn he/she or he they. However, the writers started out with the hypothesis that this does not necessarily hold for other possible kinds of meaning conveyed by the two different devices, the anaphoric zero and anaphoric pronouns. In standardised written language the conditions for use of the zero are fairly clear cut: within a sentence it is mainly used as an anaphoric device, but in a subordinate clause that precedes the main clause it is also used as a forward-looking, anticipatory anaphor. In spoken language as well as in literary prose the syntactic conditions are more flexible. During the course of the research, it was the literary texts that proved especially fruitful for understanding the implications involved in the use of the anaphoric zero.In earlier work (e.g. Kalliokoski 1990; Heinonen 1995), it has been pointed out that the anaphoric zero typically ties two successive clauses together more tightly than a pronoun would. The writers are able to show that it does something else as well. In talk-in-interaction, it conveys the speakers commitment to and often affiliation with the previous speakers perspective and stance. In reported speech - both in spoken language and in literary dialogue - the zero can convey the speakers attitude concerning the thoughts of the person being referred to, for example irony and empathy.The writers argue that when the zero represents one alternative in a paradigm it is empty only in (morpho)syntactical terms, not in terms of meaning. Whether the speaker chooses a pronoun (hn or he) or a zero, he/she makes a rhetorical choice. The zero alternative creates implications, expressing the speakers affective stance and attitude in relation to the characters in the story, or his/her interpretation of the speech, thought or behaviour of the co-participant or the story character that he/she is quoting.It is striking that in more than 90 per cent of the 150 examples used, the verb is at the beginning of the utterance or turn. In the rest of the cases, the verb is often preceded by an epistemic adverb (varmaan definitely, tuskin hardly), or the utterance is formed as a fixed construction. The writers hypothesise that the grammar of the anaphoric zero should include verb initial position as one of its constitutive factors. This factor is typical both for co-ordinated and subordinated sentences of the standard written language that are governed by syntactic rules, and for the turn-initial expressions that arise from the speakers or narrators affective stance towards the matter at hand.Auli Hakulinen Lea Laitinen- - - - - - - - - - - -Anaforinen nolla: Kielioppia ja affektejaArtikkeli käsittelee anaforisen nollan syntaktisia ja semanttisia ominaisuuksia puhutussa ja kirjoitetussa suomessa. Referentiaalisesti nolla vastaa kolmannen persoonan pronomineja hän, he. Lähdimme kuitenkin siitä oletuksesta, että vastaavuus ei välttämättä koske niiden muita funktioita. Normitetussa kirjakielessä nollan käytön ehdot ovat jokseenkin selvät: virkkeen rajoissa se on anaforinen mutta päälausetta edeltävässä sivulauseessa myös eteenpäin katsova, ennakoiva anafora. Puhutussa kielessä samoin kuin kaunokirjallisessa proosassa anaforisen nollan syntaktiset ehdot ovat joustavammat. Varsinkin kaunokirjalliset tekstit osoittautuivat hedelmällisiksi yrittäessmme tutkimuksen kuluessa ymmrätää nollan käyttöön liittyviä implikaatioita. Aikaisemmassa tutkimuksessa (Kalliokoski 1990, Heinonen 1995) on todettu, että anaforinen nolla sitoo kaksi perättäistä lausetta tiukemmin yhteen kuin pronomini. Omassa tutkimuksessamme voimme osoittaa sen tekevän muutakin. Keskustelupuheessa se välittää puhujan sitoutumista ja usein asettumista (affiliaatiota) edellisen puhujan perspektiiviin ja asennoitumiseen. Referoinnissa - niin vapaassa puheessa kuin kaunokirjallisessa dialogissakin - nolla voi tuoda esiin puhujan asennoitumisen puheenalaisen henkilön ajatuksiin, esimerkiksi ironisia tai empaattisia affekteja.Väitämme siis, että kun nolla on yksi paradigman vaihtoehdoista, se on tyhjä vain (morfo)syntaktisesti, ei merkitykseltään. Käyttää puhuja sitten pronominia hän, he tai nollaa, hän tekee retorisen valinnan. Nollavaihtoehto luo implikaatioita, ilmaisee puhujan affektia ja suhtautumista kertomuksen henkilöön tai tulkintaa referoimansa puhekumppanin tai kertomuksen henkilön puheesta, ajattelusta tai käyttäytymisestä.Huomiota herttää, että yli 90 %:ssa 150 esimerkistämme verbi on lausuman- tai vuoronalkuinen. Lopuissa tapauksista verbi edeltää usein episteeminen adverbi (varmaan, tuskin) tai lausumana on kiteytynyt konstruktio. Hypoteesimme on, että verbialkuisuus on anaforisen nollan kieliopin tärkeä piirre. Se on tyypillinen kirjoitetussa kielessä sekä rinnasteisille ja alisteisille virkkeille, joita säätelevät kirjakielen normit, että vuoronalkuisille ilmauksille, jotka ilmentävät puhujan tai kertojan affektista suhtautumista käsillä olevaan. Auli Hakulinen Lea Laitinen


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