The Power of Words in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar: An Insight into Analyzing Julius Caesar from the Perspective of the Logical Fallacies

This research aims at utilizing the knowledge of logical fallacies in analyzing Shakespeare’s masterpiece Julius Caesar. Spotting these fallacies in the characters’ actions and speeches is more likely to expand our horizon by grasping what is hidden between the lines and beyond the surface dialogue, thus revealing the true intentions of the characters and the subliminal messages beyond what they say. To achieve this goal, an explanation for each fallacy is provided. Also, various examples of fallacies committed by Donald Trump in the American presidential debate in addition to some of his fallacious tweets and other examples are thoroughly analyzed. It is found that by providing meticulous analysis for the fallacies under question readers would be protected from being victimized to any ambiguous and/or language literary interpretation.

Analysis of Identity Construction through Positioning Acts in Nigerian Vice-Presidential Debate Discourses

More often in political debates, participants do not readily expound their identities and attitudes; they employ language structure that requires the analysis of the placing of self/other in certain positions for comprehension. Hence, this study aims at exploring identity construction through positioning act strategies and the identities projected in the discourse practices by two vice presidential debate candidates in defining selves/others, parties’ stance and group categorization. The study used Langenhove and Harre (1999) positioning theory. The data for the study are delimited to five excerpts randomly selected from thirty-two online-transcribed discourses between two debate participants. Findings reveal that the candidates made use of first and second order performative and accountive positioning acts to implicate self/party’s moral order and positive stance and the other’s immoral attributes. The modes of positioning are moral, personal, intentional, deliberate self and other and forced self-positioning. The discursive practices involved are such that are strategically manipulated to divulge the individual’s attitudes to the socio-economic and political development of the nation, thereby portraying the following identities: Scrupulous, dogged, competent, loyalist and committed (self/group) identity and corrupt minded, incompetent, failure and uncommitted (others) identity. In conclusion, the knowledge of the concepts of positioning and its applicability to the understanding of political debates is essential for the understanding of the politicians’ ideologies and identities as well as their stance on the nation’s growth.

218 BIDEN WON, BUT SLEEP LOST IN THE 2020 US ELECTION

Introduction The 2020 US Presidential Election captivated the US public resulting in record turnout. In the months preceding the elections COVID-19, racial injustice and the economic downturn had a daily impact on the lives of voters. In this research, we analyze the sleep behavior of Americans in the lead up to the Presidential Elections. We examine specifically the nights of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Debates and Election Night. Methods We examined sleep data from the PSG-validated SleepScore Mobile Application, which uses a non-contact sonar-based method to objectively capture sleep-related metrics and self-reported lifestyle data. The data set included 123,723 nights (5,967 users residing in the US, aged 18-85, mean age: 46.6 +/- 16.7 years, 52.3% female). Data from September 1st until November 3rd were included. This covered the nights of the Presidential Debates (Tuesday 09/29/2020 and Thursday 10/22/2020) and the Vice-Presidential Debate (Wednesday 10/07/2020). Election night was Tuesday, November 3, 2020. Self-reported stress level (0-24 scale) and alcohol consumption (0-9 drinks) were measured using digital slider scales. Mixed Effect Modelling was used for analysis. Results The night of the 1st Presidential debate saw a change in sleep-related behavior with users going to bed 9.5 minutes later, as compared to a regular Tuesday Night. This resulted in a decrease in both TST (11.5 mins, p<0.001) and TIB (11.8 mins, p<0.001). Interestingly, neither the the 2nd Presidential Debate, nor the Vice Presidential Debate resulted in significant differences in sleep behavior. On election night users went to bed 14.5 (p<0.001) min later on average, as compared to a normal Tuesday Night. This resulted in a decrease in both TIB (24.3 mins, p<0.001) and TST (19.2 mins, p<0.001). Self-report data showed a 13.3% (p<0.001) increase in stress level on election night and 34.4% (p<0.001) increase alcohol consumption Importantly, election night was two nights after the end of Daylight Savings Time (DST), Sunday, November 1st. Conclusion This analysis shows the 2020 US Presidential election negatively impacted US population sleep. The impact was most pronounced on election night, but also observed following the first Presidential debate. The effect of DST on these findings is unknown but surmised to be meaningful. Support (if any):

Slips of the Tongue by Jokowi and Prabowo in the Presidential Debates 2019

This current research, using a descriptive qualitative method, aims to find out and analyze the types of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo during the presidential debates 2019. This current research applied the theories proposed by Altiparmak and Koruoglu (2014) to analyze types of slip of the tongue. The data were taken from video of the 2nd round presidential debate 2019, obtained from YouTube. The collected data were then transcribed and analyzed based on the types of slip of the tongue proposed by Altiparmark and Koruoglu (2014). There were 100 utterances of data found of slip of the tongue produced by Jokowi and Prabowo during the 2nd round of presidential debate 2019. Jokowi produced 60 slips of the tongue: deletions (46.67%), blends (21.67%), substitutions (11.67%), anticipations (11.67%), additions (5%), perseverations (1.66%), and misdeviations (1.66%). Prabowo produced 40 slips of the tongue: deletions (26.83%), substitutions (26.83%), anticipations (21.95%), additions (19.51%), blends (2.44%), and misdeviations (2.44%). The type of perseverations of slip of the tongue occurred in Jokowi’s utterances but did not occur in Prabowo’s utterances. Whereas, shifts and exchanges slip of the tongue are the two types that did not occur in their utterances. Keywords: slips of the tongue, Jokowi, Prabowo, presidential debates Abstrak: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa tipe-tipe selip lidah yang dihasilkan oleh Jokowi dan Prabowo selama debat presiden 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori yang diajukan oleh Altiparmak dan Koruoglu (2014) untuk menganalisis tipe-tipe selip lidah. Data diambil dari video ronde kedua debat presiden 2019 yang diperoleh dari YouTube. Data yang terkumpul kemudian ditranskripsikan dan dianalisis berdasarkan pada tipe-tipe selip lidah yang diajukan oleh Altiparmak and Koruoglu (2014). Terdapat 100 data ucapan selip lidah yang ditemukan yang dihasilkan oleh Jokowi dan Prabowo selama ronde kedua debat presiden 2019. Jokowi memproduksi 60 kali selip lidah: deletions (46.67%), blends (21.67%), substitutions (11.67%), anticipations (11.67%), additions (5%), perseverations (1.66%), dan misdeviations (1.66%). Prabowo memproduksi 40 kali selip lidah: deletions (26.83%), substitutions (26.83%), anticipations (21.95%), additions (19.51%), blends (2.44%), dan misdeviations (2.44%). Perseverations adalah tipe kilir lidah yang terjadi pada ujaran Jokowi namun tidak terjadi pada ujaran Prabowo. Sedangkan shifts dan exchanges merupakan tipe selip lidah yang tidak terjadi dalam ujaran mereka. Kata kunci: selip lidah, Jokowi, Prabowo, debat pemilihan presiden

Closing the Knowledge Gap: How Issue Priming Before Presidential Debate Viewing Encourages Learning and Opinion Articulation

One mechanism by which citizens learn about candidates and issues is through watching presidential debates. Some scholars have raised concerns that these events, however, disproportionately benefit those already high in political knowledge more so than others with lesser knowledge levels. We hypothesize that knowledge begets knowledge because it prompts a constructive cognitive process that results from elaboration and reflection. We test this hypothesis in an experiment that also considers whether issue priming could help mitigate the deficit that those lower in political sophistication have when viewing campaign events. Participants ( N = 543) watched a 9-minute segment focusing on economic issues drawn from the first 2020 presidential debate between President Donald Trump and former Vice President Joseph Biden. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to an issue priming condition and viewed the debate segment after reading a narrative text on economic policy, and the other half read an unrelated text. The study presents a model that reveals the following: (a) cognitive elaboration mediates the relationship between prior political knowledge and learning from a campaign event, (b) providing citizens with background issue–related knowledge produces a similar elaborative effect as did preexisting political knowledge, and (c) participants demonstrate greater political opinion articulation following this enhanced elaboration leading to more learning. The implications for cultivating a knowledgeable democratic electorate are discussed.