Morphological features of Kiswahili youth language(s): Evidence from Dar es Salaam, Goma, Lubumbashi and Nairobi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (s4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Nassenstein ◽  
Paulin Baraka Bose
Keyword(s):  
Urban Youth ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
East African ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Dr Congo ◽  
Register Variation ◽  
Identity Constructions ◽  
Youth Language

Abstract Since the late 1980s, linguists’ analyses of Sheng, the urban youth language from Nairobi, have led to the growth of a considerable body of literature. In contrast, only a few studies are available that cover other youth registers from the Kiswahili-speaking parts of Africa. While most of the available studies either deal with techniques of manipulation or with adolescents’ identity constructions, our paper intends to give a comparative overview of specific morphological features of Kiswahili-based youth languages. While certain characteristics of Sheng (Nairobi/Kenya), Lugha ya Mitaani (Dar es Salaam/Tanzania), Kindubile (Lubumbashi/DR Congo) and Yabacrâne (Goma/DR Congo) largely diverge from East Coast Swahili (hereafter ECS) in regard to their nominal and verbal morphology, they all share specific features. Focusing on (apparent) supra-regional developments and changes in Kiswahili, this preliminary description of some structural features that transcend all four youth language practices aims to provide comparative insights into urban register variation, approaching East African youth languages from a micro-typological perspective.

The new urban youth language Yabâcrane in Goma (DR Congo)

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Nassenstein
Keyword(s):  
Urban Youth ◽  
Dr Congo ◽  
Youth Language

scholarly journals Mechanochemical Synthesis of Fluorapatite-Zinc Oxide (FAp-ZnO) Composite Nanopowders

ISRN Ceramics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi ◽  
Abbas Fahami
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Composite Powders ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Process Characterization ◽  
Ft Ir

Fluorapatite-zinc oxide (FAp-ZnO) composite nanopowders were successfully prepared via mechanochemical process. Characterization of the products was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. Results revealed that in the absence of ZnO which produced by hydrothermal method, the single-phase FAp had high-crystalline structure with appropriate morphological features. Furthermore, after 5 h of milling in the presence of 5 wt.% ZnO, FAp-5 wt.% ZnO, composite nanopowders with no impurity phase was obtained. Structural studies illustrated that the milling up to 5 h was not accompanied by a remarkable change in the structural features. Moreover, the gained composite powders presented an average crystallite size of about 40 nm for FAp. The FE-SEM observations indicated that the experimental outcome had a cluster-like structure which consisted of several small particles. Finally, results propose a new approach to prepare commercial amounts of novel FAp-based composite nanopowders with high quality and suitable structural and morphological features.

scholarly journals Status of Waste Management in the East African Cities: Understanding the Drivers of Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal and Their Impacts on Kampala City’s Sustainability

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamim Aryampa ◽  
Basant Maheshwari ◽  
Elly Sabiiti ◽  
Najib L Bateganya ◽  
Brian Bukenya
Keyword(s):  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Community ◽  
Waste Generation Rate ◽  
Vehicle Capacity

The factors that influence waste generation and management vary with country but there is a gap in the availability of waste data in Africa limiting the assessment of these factors for sustainability. Hence, this study was aimed at evaluating the drivers of waste generation, collection and disposal, and their impact on sustainability of Kampala as compared to the East African Community (EAC). Waste generation in Kampala was calculated using recorded waste collection efficiencies while data for Nairobi and Dar es Salaam was obtained from existing literature. Waste quantities for disposal were recorded daily at Kiteezi landfill from 2011 to 2017. Results showed that the major drivers of waste generation, collection and disposal in the EAC are population growth, vehicle capacity and the need for disposal respectively. Waste generation rate in Kampala increased from 0.26 to 0.47 kg/capita/day and the annual waste quantity increased significantly (p < 0.5) by 48% from 227,916 to 481,081 tons corresponding to a 54% population increase. Waste collection efficiency increased from 30% to 64% and hence waste for disposal increased significantly (p < 0.5), with a mean of 15,823 tons/month; but varied significantly (p < 0.5) with the city division. The most (5120 tons) and least (3472 tons) waste per month was collected from the Central and Nakawa divisions respectively. Additionally, Kampala Capital City Authority collected significantly more waste than private collectors for all study years. Waste is disposed of at the Kiteezi landfill despite exhausted capacity. Future projections showed that by 2030, annual waste would increase by approximately 60% for Kampala and Nairobi and by 74% for Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam generated the highest amount of waste, five times more than Kampala. More investment needs to be made towards the reduction of waste disposal and strategies developed for the reuse and recycling of waste.

Studies on Salt-Water and Fresh-Water Anopheles gambiae on the East African Coast

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Muirhead Thomson
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Coast ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Gravid Females

The brackish water form of A. gambiae on the East African coast—and probably in Mauritius—is not the same as A. melas of West Africa.In salt-water gambiae a variable proportion of the females have an additional dark band on the palps, resembling 4-banded melas, but the remainder are indistinguishable from typical gambiae.Eggs and larvae of salt-water gambiae show no morphological differences from those of fresh-water gambiae, thereby differing from A. melas of West Africa.Larvae of the two forms show a clear-cut difference in reaction to sudden changes in salinity, and a simple test has been worked out whereby wild-caught females can be accurately identified by the reactions of their progeny.This physiological test has formed the basis of all work in comparing the incidence, habits, and infectivity of salt and fresh-water gambiae in Dar-es-Salaam.Exposed to equal chances of infection in the same village during 1947 and 1948, fresh-water gambiae had a sporozoite rate of 9·4 per cent. while that of salt-water gambiae was 0·8 per cent.About 4 per cent, of both forms were infected with filaria larvae, but monthly figures showed that infection rates in salt-water gambiae may rise to 22 per cent.Fresh-water gambiae show little tendency to leave African houses at dawn after feeding, whereas in salt-water gambiae over one-third of freshly blood-fed females leave the house at dawn.In fresh-water gambiae many half-gravid females leave the shelter of the house at dusk on the night after the blood feed. There is no marked difference in infectivity between those which leave the hut and those which remain indoors at this stage.Blood-fed and gravid females of fresh-water gambiae, funestus, and salt-water gambiae have been found in outdoor resting places, gravid females predominating in the case of the first two.Although larvae of salt-water gambiae can complete their development in pure sea water, in nature increasing salinity becomes a limiting factor before it reaches that of sea water, continuous breeding being no longer possible at salinities over 83 per cent. sea water.Salinity as a limiting factor explains the rather restricted breeding of salt-water gambiae on the coast, and suggests that certain coastal fresh-water swamps at Dar-es-Salaam could be cleared of all Anopheline breeding by salinifying with sea water.

About Application Prospectivity of Rocks with Different Geological and Morphological Features as Basic Raw Component for Free-Cement Binder Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 670-671 ◽  
pp. 462-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Viktorovna Pavlenko ◽  
Valeria Valerievna Strokova ◽  
Mariana Nikolaevna Kapusta ◽  
Daria Dmitrievna Netsvet
Keyword(s):  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Cement Binder

The opportunity of production of effective non-cement binders with using of different morphological and structural types of aluminosilicates and silicates is studied on the basis of data of phase and structural features of natural raw materials – perlite and quartz sand.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DENTOFACIAL AREA IN PEOPLE WITH DENTAL ARCH ISSUES COMBINED WITH OCCLUSION ANOMALIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Fischev ◽  
Marina Puzdyryova ◽  
Sergey Dmitrienko ◽  
Dmitry Domenyuk ◽  
Andrey Kondratyuk
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Masticatory System ◽  
Timely Treatment

The level of development of each era determines the specifics of recognizing diseases and teaching about them. Nowadays, there is an increased interest taken by patients in their own appearance as well as in the structural features of the facial part of their heads. Another issue currently faced by the dentistry is the growing prevalence of dentofacial anomalies and deformities among various population groups. The etiological factors behind anomalies and deformities include dental system congenital and acquired pathologies, and especially dental arch defects . The effect of the dental arches pathology on the craniofacial status has been proven in numerous works written by clinical experts [8, 9]. It has been noted that the timely treatment and preventive measures offered to patients with dental arches defects through different age periods, has a beneficial effect on the growth, development and condition not only of the masticatory system, yet also on the adjacent organs and body systems . Given the above, studying maxillofacial morphology in people with dental arch defects will remain an urgent issue for dentistry

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