scholarly journals What determines governments’ response time to COVID-19? A cross-country inquiry on the measure restricting internal movements

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-117
Author(s):  
Elina De Simone ◽  
Paulo Reis Mourao
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Travel Restriction

Abstract After the appearance of the first COVID-19 cases and deaths, countries’ responses were enacted at different points in time. This paper explores the factors behind the timeliness of travel restriction policies at the onset of the pandemic. Using instrumental variable techniques on a sample of 149 countries, our empirical exercise shows that while urban population and political stability are conducive to a prompt activation of a government’s lockdown policy after initial cases, a country’s wealth and the rule of law may produce an opposite effect. When the time from first deaths is considered, the presence of a female leader, net migration levels, voice and accountability, and political stability are associated with a quicker launch of a domestic travel restriction policy, while democracy and a country’s wealth may represent an obstacle to an immediate policy activation.

Anti-Corruption Legislation In Turkish Law

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 903-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Güne Okuyucu-Ergün
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All

Corruption poses an increasingly serious threat against Turkey as well as the rest of the world in many respects. The fight against corruption is crucial, in particular, to achieve an economic and political stability, to attract foreign investors and to establish the rule of law. In addition to those interests, which are common for almost all countries, anti-corruption has a particular importance for Turkey in the achievement of its goal of becoming a European Union member, since anti-corruption is expected to feature prominently in Turkey's talks on European Union accession.

Social Institutional Explanations of Global Internet Diffusion

2008 ◽  
pp. 3746-3764
Author(s):  
Hongxin Zhao ◽  
Seung Kim ◽  
Taewon Suh ◽  
Jianjun Du
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Internet Diffusion ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Country

This study attempts to examine empirically how social institutional factors relate to Internet diffusion in 39 countries. Based on nine-year cross-country data, the analytical results show that the rule of law, educational systems, and industrialization significantly influenced the global Internet diffusion, while the economic system did not exert significant impact. Uncertainty avoidance as a national cultural phenomenon significantly inhibited the Internet diffusion. This significant and negative effect is particularly true with less developed countries (LDCs).

scholarly journals Rule of Law, Corruption Control, Governance, and Economic Growth in Managing Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption in South Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10637
Author(s):  
Haider Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Tanveer ◽  
Maham Furqan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Nonrenewable Energy

Strong governance is vital for developing environmental policies to promote renewable energy consumption and discourage nonrenewable energy sources. The present research explores the effect of economic growth and different governance indicators on renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka using data from 1996 to 2019. For this purpose, the study uses different econometric techniques to find the long-term effects of the rule of law, regulatory quality, corruption control, government effectiveness, political stability, voice and accountability, and economic growth on oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, and renewable energy consumption. The results show that economic growth has a positive impact on all investigated renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Additionally, regulatory quality measures also increase all types of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption. Except for natural gas, the impact of the rule of law is negative, and government effectiveness positively affects all energy sources. Control of corruption has a positive effect on natural gas consumption. Political stability has a negative effect on nonrenewable energy sources and a positive impact on renewable energy sources. The magnitudes of the effects of economic growth and most governance indicators are found to be larger on nonrenewable sources than renewable sources. The testing of the energy consumption and governance nexus is scant in global literature and is missing in South Asian literature. Hence, the study results contribute to how South Asian economies can be more sustainable in energy use by enhancing governance indicators in the economies. Particularly, the results imply that these countries should focus on improving the rule of law, corruption control, governance, regulatory quality, political stability, and economic growth to help maintain a sustainable balance of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Moreover, this issue needs further attention in developing countries, as governance indicators would play an effective role in promoting sustainable energy.

scholarly journals Does Institutional Quality Matter in the Relationship Between Competition and Bank Stability? Evidence from Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-301
Author(s):  
Muizzuddin Muizzuddin ◽  
Eduardus Tandelilin ◽  
Mamduh Mahmadah Hanafi ◽  
Bowo Setiyono
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Bank Stability ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction/Main Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether competition impacts bank stability. Furthermore, the study also analyzes the role of institutional quality in a country, such as voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, the rule of law, and control of corruption, forming the effect of competition on bank stability. Background Problem: Analysis of the relationship between competition and bank stability has been at the center of academic and policy debate. However, the theoretical and empirical research has not concluded whether bank competition leads to more or fewer stable banks. Novelty: We consider institutional quality's role in mitigating the negative impact of competition on bank stability, which has mainly been under-elaborated in prior studies, particularly in using measures from The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators, which measure how the institutions of each country influence bankers’ and the people's behavior, as part of the cultural system. Research Methods: Using a sample of 427 Asian commercial banks from 2011 to 2019, we employ the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and consider loan growth and the cost to income ratio as instrumental variables. Findings/Results: We find robust evidence that competition erodes bank stability. Besides, better institutional quality, especially government effectiveness, regulatory quality, the rule of law, and corruption control in each country are important aspects that promote bank stability and mitigate the negative impact of competition on bank stability. Conclusion: Competition has a negative impact on bank stability. Meanwhile, the quality of institutions can both promote bank stability and mitigate this negative relationship.

scholarly journals Global Financial System Outcomes after 2008: A Longitudinal Comparison

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ani Ter-Mkrtchyan ◽  
Aimee L. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

This paper examines how the governance context and financial institutions may relate to different aspects of a country’s financial system before and after a crisis. Using a fixed-effects regression model for panel data and a comparative perspective, we assess longitudinal trends in the functioning of the financial systems. This modeling allows us to explore how the level of development of 139 countries and conditions related to political stability, regulatory quality, and the rule of law, may have influenced financial system outcomes. We measure financial system outcomes across four dimensions: financial depth, efficiency, stability, and access. Our findings suggest that the explanatory variables had limited statistical significance on the proxy measures of financial system outcomes. Furthermore, the relationships were not consistent across all financial system outcome variables. These results suggest that political stability and the rule of law do influence depth and efficiency, respectively, as proxy indicators of financial system outcomes.

scholarly journals Information technology, governance and insurance in Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1253-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simplice Asongu ◽  
Joseph Nnanna ◽  
Paul Acha-Anyi
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Internet Penetration ◽  
Insurance Penetration ◽  
Sub Saharan

Purpose This study aims to investigate the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in modulating the effect of governance on insurance penetration in 42 Sub-Saharan African countries using data for the period 2004-2014. Design/methodology/approach Two insurance indicators are used in the analysis, namely, life insurance and non-life insurance. The three ICT modulating dynamics used include mobile phone penetration, internet penetration and fixed broadband subscriptions. Six governance channels are also considered, namely, political stability, “voice & accountability”, regulation quality, government effectiveness, the rule of law and corruption-control. The empirical evidence is based on generalized method of moments. Findings The following main findings are established. First, mobile phone penetration does not significantly modulate governance channels to positively affect life insurance while it effectively complements “voice & accountability” to induce a positive net effect on non-life insurance. Second, internet penetration complements governance dynamics of political stability, government effectiveness and rule of law to induce positive net effects on life insurance and corruption-control for an overall positive effect on non-life insurance. Third, the relevance of fixed broadband subscriptions in promoting life insurance is apparent via governance channels of regulation quality, government effectiveness and the rule of law while fixed broadband subscriptions do not induce significant overall net effects on non-life insurance though the conditional effects are overwhelmingly significant. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, studies on the relevance of ICT in promoting insurance consumption through governance channels are sparse, especially for a region such as Sub-Saharan Africa where insurance penetration is low compared to other regions of the world.

scholarly journals Dynastic marriages of client kings during the reign of Augustus

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-318
Author(s):  
Vladimir Olegovich Nikishin
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Family ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
Client Kings

The article examines the practice of entering into dynastic marriages as part of the policy that was held in relation to vassal kings during the reign of the emperor Augustus (30 BC - AD 14). The author introduces the term Augustus project, bearing in mind the package of measures, aimed at creating a system of vassal kingdoms on the outskirts of the Roman Empire. According to the author, dynastic marriages as an effective instrument of real policy should have cemented the building blocks of the system. In the main part of the article the author analyses ten well-known dynastic marriages, related to the reign of Augustus. As a result of the research undertaken, the author concludes that Augustus, of course, sought to control the behavior of the kings-collaborators. Sometimes things got out of hand, and then the emperor should have intervened to resolve the resulting conflict of interests. The author asks: what did Augustus demand of vassal rulers? The answer is: loyalty and efficiency in the administration of the territories entrusted to them, which meant not only the timely dispatch to Rome of established monetary sums (tributes, taxes and other payments), but also to protect the local population from external enemies, as well as political stability and the rule of law. If it was all there and there was no danger, real or potential, for the peace and stability of the empire, Augustus overlooked extravagant matrimonial combinations, polygamy, conflicts with children and other excesses in the family life of dependent kings. But when it came to questioning loyalty and efficiency, Augustus was unmerciful and merciless in punishing the guilty. Immediate successors to Augustus rejected the Augustus project and gradually eliminated most vassal kingdoms, turning them into provinces under the control of the governors.

scholarly journals Economic growth and institutional quality in South East Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jelena Minović ◽  
Vesna Aleksić ◽  
Slavica Stevanović
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
East European ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Control Of Corruption

The paper researched the causal relationship between institutional quality measures and real gross domestic product growth (GDP) on the South East European (SEE) countries in the period 1996-2016. To achieve the aim of this research the panel techniques (the Dumitrescu-Hurlin noncausality approach) were used. The SEE suffers from very poor control of corruption, as well as significant political instability, the weak rule of law and poor government effectiveness. Our results indicate that there is unidirectional homogeneous causality between political stability and real GDP growth. Control of corruption leads to government effectiveness. The rule of law leads to control of corruption, and government effectiveness to political stability. Additionally, there is a bidirectional homogeneous causality between the rule of law and political stability. Thus, the research found some empirical evidence that stronger institutional measures cause higher economic growth.

The Problem of Political Stability in Northeast India: Local Ethnic Autocracy and the Rule of Law

Asian Survey ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 998-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Lacina
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
The Rule Of Law

Inter-communal and insurgent violence has been entrenched in Northeast India for decades. At present, however, attacks against central government forces are in abeyance. This downturn reflects the consolidation of local regimes of corruption and repression. New Delhi tolerates and even supports such localized autocracy as a means to manage security threats.

scholarly journals Financial access, governance and insurance sector development in sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simplice Asongu ◽  
Nicholas M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Financial Access ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Sub Saharan

PurposeThis study investigates the role of financial access in moderating the effect of governance on insurance consumption in 42 sub-Saharan African countries using data for the period 2004–2014.Design/methodology/approachTwo life insurance indicators are used, notably: life insurance and non-life insurance. Six governance measurements are also used, namely: political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, regulation quality, corruption-control and the rule of law. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and Least Squares Dummy Variable Corrected (LSDVC) estimators.FindingsEstimations from the LSDVC are not significant while the following main findings are established from the GMM. First, financial access promotes life insurance through channels of political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, the rule of law and corruption-control. Second, financial access also stimulates non-life insurance via governance mechanisms of political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, regulation quality, the rule of law and corruption-control.Originality/valueThis research complements the sparse literature on insurance promotion in Africa by engaging the hitherto unexplored role of financial access through governance channels.

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