Techniques for the detection and quantification of emerging contaminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanmugasundaram Shyamalagowri ◽  
Natarajan Shanthi ◽  
Jagadeesan Manjunathan ◽  
Murugesan Kamaraj ◽  
Arumugam Manikandan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Air Sample ◽  
Detection And Quantification

Abstract In recent years, the diverse industrial practices and human inputs widely disseminated emerging contaminants (ECs) throughout environmental matrices, which is of great concern. Even at low concentrations, ECs pose major ecological problems and threaten human health and the environment’s biota. Consequently, people’s interest and concerns on the widespread dissemination of environmentally connected ECs of great concern as developed due to their scientific understanding, technical innovation, and socioeconomic awareness. Increased detection of contaminants may occur from climatic, socioeconomic, and demographic changes and the growing sensitivity of analytical techniques. Hence, this article reviews the determination of ECs in ecological specimens, from aquatic setup (river water, marine water, and wastewater), sludge, soil, sediment, and air. Sample collection and the quality measures are summarized. The preparation of samples, including extraction and cleanup and the subsequent instrumental analysis of ECs, are all covered. Traditional and recent extraction and cleanup applications to analyze ECs in samples are reviewed here in this paper. The detection and quantification of ECs using gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) linked with various detectors, particularly mass spectrometry (MS), is also summarized and explored, as are other possible techniques. This study aims to give readers a more excellent knowledge of how new and improved approaches are being developed and serve as a resource for researchers looking for the best method for detecting ECs in their studies.

scholarly journals Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Promising Source for Biomarkers of Lung Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liang ◽  
Samantha M. Yeligar ◽  
Lou Ann S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Reduced And Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Breath Condensate ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Derivatives

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been increasingly studied as a noninvasive research method for sampling the alveolar and airway space and is recognized as a promising source of biomarkers of lung diseases. Substances measured in EBC include oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as arachidonic acid derivatives, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and inflammatory cytokines. Although EBC has great potential as a source of biomarkers in many lung diseases, the low concentrations of compounds within the EBC present challenges in sample collection and analysis. Although EBC is viewed as a noninvasive method for sampling airway lining fluid (ALF), validation is necessary to confirm that EBC truly represents the ALF. Likewise, a dilution factor for the EBC is needed in order to compare across subjects and determine changes in the ALF. The aims of this paper are to address the characteristics of EBC; strategies to standardize EBC sample collection and review available analytical techniques for EBC analysis.

Technological Developments in the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Water

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-108
Author(s):  
Magali Kemmerich
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Gas And Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction

Emerging contaminants (ECs), which constitute a group of chemicals, such as personal care products, food additives, and endocrine disruptors, are not commonly monitored and have the potential to cause adverse effects on the environment and humans. In water, even at low concentrations, they pose risks to environmental health. Several technologies have been developed to determine these compounds; the most common ones are liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with analysis by gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This chapter analyzes these methodologies and highlights their possibilities and limitations and compiles the most recent advances in this field.

scholarly journals Optimized HPLC -UV Method for Separation, Detection and Quantification of Endocrine Disrupting Estrogens in Low Quality Water

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Sijaona Cassian Msigala ◽  
Faith P Mabiki ◽  
Bjarne Styrishave ◽  
Robinson H Mdegela
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Detection And Quantification

Endocrine disrupting estrogens are emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and environment in general. There are no guidelines for routine monitoring of these chemicals, despite the existing evidences of their adverse health effect to living organisms at low concentrations. This study aimed at developing and validating an optimized HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of estradiol and ethinylestradiol. Isocratic elution was used for separation and detection of ethinylestradiol and estradiol. The mobile phase was applied with A; water B; acetonitrile (50:50) at flow rate of 0.7mL/min and injection volume 10mL. The precision and accuracy of the method were within the acceptable range. Relative standard deviation of peak area for E2 ranged from 1.373 to 3.668%, and for EE2 ranged from 0.829 to 6.495 %. The percentage recovery for E2 ranged from 82.3 to 99.84 %, and for EE2 ranged from 84.6 to 103.52 %. Linearity of the method was realized at range of 2.5 to 50 ng/mL and 100 to 1000 ng/mL for both E2 and EE2. The linear regression coefficients were 0.9979 and 0.9973 for E2 whereas for EE2 were 0.9983 and 0.9976. Limit of detection were found to be 0.05 ng/mL and 0.08 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. The obtained limits of quantification were 0.18 and 0.28 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. In untreated sewage the concentrations of E2 and EE2 were 0.28 ng/ml and 0.18 ng/ml respectively. But in subsequent wastewater stabilization ponds the concentrations were below detection limit. Therefore, the optimized HPLC-UV method is suitable for detection and quantification of endocrine disrupting estrogens when a level of pollution is at least 0.15 ng/ml. At low extent of pollution would require use of the method in conjunction with ELISA technique.

Determination of Metabolites (Including Thioethers) of Mutagens and/or Carcinogens as Exposure Indicators

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
M Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Biological Assessment ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Trace Quantity ◽  
Health Impairment ◽  
Exposure Indicators

Biological assessment of exposure to environmental hazards offers the potential for: (1) evaluation of exposure to prevent health impairment and (2) early detection of health effects. Two main methods of assessment can be used: (1) evaluation of the biological specimen for the exposed chemical or its metabolites and (2) measurement of the biological or clinical effects. There has been rapid improvement in the sensitivity of analytical techniques in the last decade and biological specimens of trace quantity can now be used for routine determinations. In this paper the current practice for monitoring populations exposed to benzene, styrene trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and to some mutagens/ carcinogens are described. The practical concerns associated with routine urinary analyses, such as sample collection, sample preparation and interpretation of results are also discussed.

Quantitative Determination of Er in Silica-Based Matrices

1991 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Oblas ◽  
Francis Pink ◽  
Mahendra P. Singh ◽  
Joseph Connolly ◽  
Donald Dugger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
The Core ◽  
Low Concentrations

ABSTRACTThe distribution and concentration of dopants in the core of an optical fiber, at low concentrations, particularly the rare earth dopants, are difficult to measure quantitatively. However, such information is critical to the determination of absorption cross sections of rare earth dopants in fiber amplifiers and the optimization of their performance. A number of different analytical techniques, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) were used here, along with prepared glass standards, to determine the Er concentration and distribution in optical fiber preforms containing Al, Ge and P. These results were compared with data obtained by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) which measure the average concentration of Er in the core. It has been shown that SIMS (and EPMA), in conjunction with NAA data can be used to establish, quantitatively, the Er concentration in the preform core, without the need for glass standards.

scholarly journals Validation of analytical methodology for determination of Personal Care Products in environmental matrix by GC-MSMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Tais Cristina Filippe ◽  
Franciane De Almeida Brehm Goulart ◽  
Alinne Mizukawa ◽  
Júlio César Rodrigues de Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Environmental Relevance

The presence of personal care products in the environment is recent and relatively few researches work with the quantification of this class of emerging contaminants in Brazil. However, a wide variety of these products is continuously released into the aquatic environment. The growing interest in these substances occurs mainly because they exhibit biological activity in very low concentrations, which gives great environmental relevance. The difficulty of detecting and quantifying such contaminants in the environment encourages the development and validation of appropriate analytical methods for this purpose. Therefore, the present study aims to validate a methodology and verify its efficiency in the determination of six personal care products, among them parabens and triclosan. The samples were submitted to the solid phase extraction process and were later analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the determination of personal care products. The validation of the methodology used was based on the standards established by the National Health Surveillance Agency. The extraction and quantification method were efficient for the determination of these analytes in water samples.

scholarly journals Quantification of Rifaximin in Tablets by Spectrophotometric Method Ecofriendly in Ultraviolet Region

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Kogawa ◽  
Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Ultraviolet Region ◽  
Green Method ◽  
Detection And Quantification ◽  
Routine Quality Control

Rifaximin is an oral nonabsorbable antibiotic that acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract with minimal systemic adverse effects. It does not have spectrophotometric method ecofriendly in the ultraviolet region described in official compendiums and literature. The analytical techniques for determination of rifaximin reported in the literature require large amount of time to release results and are significantly onerous. Furthermore, they use toxic reagents both for the operator and environment and, therefore, cannot be considered environmentally friendly analytical techniques. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an ecofriendly spectrophotometric method in the ultraviolet region to quantify rifaximin in tablets. The method was validated, showing linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. It was linear over the concentration range of 10–30 mg L−1with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9999 and limits of detection and quantification of 1.39 and 4.22 mg L−1, respectively. The validated method is useful and applied for the routine quality control of rifaximin, since it is simple with inexpensive conditions and fast in the release of results, optimizes analysts and equipment, and uses environmentally friendly solvents, being considered a green method, which does not prejudice either the operator or the environment.

scholarly journals Recent Studies on the Speciation and Determination of Mercury in Different Environmental Matrices Using Various Analytical Techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Narayana Suvarapu ◽  
Sung-Ok Baek
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Analytical Instruments

This paper reviews the current research on the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques, including the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), ICP-mass spectrometry (MS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Approximately 96 research papers on the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical instruments published in international journals since 2015 were reviewed. All analytical parameters, including the limits of detection, linearity range, quality assurance and control, applicability, and interfering ions, evaluated in the reviewed articles were tabulated. In this review, we found a lack of information in speciation studies of mercury in recent years. Another important conclusion from this review was that there were few studies regarding the concentration of mercury in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil/sediment, and tissue matrices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Crouch ◽  
Jared Smith ◽  
Bobbi Stromer ◽  
Christian Hubley ◽  
Samuel Beal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
Analytical Separation

Currently, no standard method exists for analyzing insensitive munition (IM) compounds in environmental matrices, with or without concurrent legacy munition compounds, resulting in potentially inaccurate determinations. The primary objective of this work was to develop new methods of extraction, pre-concentration, and analytical separation/quantitation of 17 legacy munition compounds along with several additional IM compounds, IM breakdown products, and other munition compounds that are not currently included in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330B. Analytical methods were developed to enable sensitive, simultaneous detection and quantitation of the 24 IM and legacy compounds, including two orthogonal high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column separations with either ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Procedures were developed for simultaneous extraction of all 24 analytes and two surrogates (1,2-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-DNB; o-NBA) from high- and low-level aqueous matrices and solid matrices, using acidification, solid phase extraction (SPE), or solvent extraction (SE), respectively. The majority of compounds were recovered from four tissue types within current limits for solids, with generally low recovery only for Tetryl (from 4 to 62%). A preparatory chromatographic interference removal procedure was adapted for tissue extracts, as various analytical interferences were observed for all studied tissue types.

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