scholarly journals Co-Integration Test of Selected Indexes on the Share Market and Index of Housing Real Estate Prices

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Rafal Wolski
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equity Market ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Real Estate Markets ◽  
Secondary Housing Market ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe integration of financial markets is an ongoing process throughout the world. Research shows that, from Australia through Europe to the United States, the capital and real estate markets are integrating, influencing each other. Although this process seems obvious, only research can show whether it actually occurs. Identifying these relationships is important for analyzing the entire market. Many methods, such as estimating the cost of equity, have been developed with the stock market in mind. Meanwhile, real estate valuation requires the cost of equity. Market integration is the rationale for using equity market methods on the real estate market.Aim of the work - the research is aimed at verifying whether there is cointegration between the secondary housing market and the stock market. A research hypothesis was put forward: the stock market and secondary housing market are integrated.Research methodology - the study used co-integration analysis using the Engle-Granger test. The study was conducted in the period from the third quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2018.Result - The tests carried out showed the existence of co-integration in one out of 36 cases for the explanatory variable - the delayed WIG index and the explained variable in the average price of residential real estate on the secondary market for the 7 largest Polish cities.Originality / Value - demonstrating the co-integration of markets justifies the use of analytical methods developed for stock markets on real estate markets. The research has no equivalent study on the Polish market. Similar analyses were carried out, but not for the stock and real estate market.

scholarly journals Listing of Developer Companies as a Predictor of the Situation on the Residential Real Estate Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
Rafal Wolski
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Secondary Housing Market

Abstract The stock exchange is considered one of the most important financial institutions in the market economy. The stock market reacts to the state of the economy almost immediately, and, in the end, the quotations of companies affect the state of other markets. The author decided to look at companies from the WIG Real Estate index as important entities shaping the real estate market. When comparing the situation on the capital market with the situation on the residential real estate market, one could, building an appropriate model, conclude how much these markets interact. Purpose - The purpose of the article is to present the links between two important markets, the capital market, with real estate companies as its representatives, and the secondary housing market. In order to achieve the goal, a research hypothesis was formulated: the economic situation on the real estate companies market will be reflected in the situation on the secondary housing market. Design/methodology/approach - Cross-sectional regression analysis was used in the study. Using the data from the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the National Bank of Poland, regression models where price changes in the secondary housing market are explained by the quotations of real estate companies and selected stock exchange indices were built. The study was carried out from the first quarter of 2011 to the third quarter of 2017. Findings - Two models were built in which the rates of return on investments in real estate companies explain the price changes in the secondary housing market in a statistically significant way. Thus, the research hypothesis was positively verified, showing that the real estate market and the stock market of real estate companies are interrelated. Originality/Value - The alternative method of analyzing the real estate market can be considered as the original value of the presented results. A demonstration of the connections between both markets allows us to validate the methods used on the stock market to analyze the real estate market. An example application is the use of methods for estimating the cost of capital from the stock market in the real estate market.

scholarly journals Investment Risk in the Context of Price Changes on the Real Estate and Stock Markets

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Wolski
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Secondary Housing Market

Abstract The residential real estate market is thought to show a tendency for wide fluctuations in prices, as a result of which price bubbles appear. This element of risk has a direct bearing on investors interested in speculation and those seeking to meet their housing needs. Wide fluctuations in the values of real estate affect the investors’ financial situation in many ways, by determining the possibility of meeting one’s housing needs, reducing or sometimes raising creditworthiness, and by increasing investment risk measured by volatility. Omitting the obvious social dimension of the residential real estate market and concentrating on its financial aspects, the author of the article analyses to what degree wide swings in prices can be recognized as specific to this market. To this end, the volatility of prices in the stock market and in the secondary housing market in Poland is compared. An analysis is performed to establish which of them has higher average volatility measures or rates of return, i.e. which of them is more profitable or secure for investors. Statistical tests are used to find out whether average rates of return or measures of risk are equal or different between the two markets. The results of the research show that the secondary housing market and the stock market differ concerning cumulative average rates of return and standard deviations. In the first of them, they are respectively higher and lower.

scholarly journals Applying The Line Of Resistance In Studies On Prices On The Housing Market In Szczecin

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Józef Hozer ◽  
Anna Gdakowicz
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Secondary Markets ◽  
Transaction Prices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Line Of Resistance

Abstract The average price of residential real estate offered on the housing market in Szczecin has been declining since 2008. Prices on both the primary and secondary markets were regularly adjusted, disregarding the fact that the cost of 1 square meter of newly built flats was rising. Therefore, the question of how low can prices fall for the market to remain profitable arises? The situation on the residential real estate market has been analyzed in four areas: on the primary and secondary market, as well as by offer and transaction prices. The study was conducted in Szczecin on a quarterly basis in the period of 2007-2012.

scholarly journals Real Estate Business is Ruled by Women - Myth or Truth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Majstorović ◽  
Lazar Cvijić ◽  
Milan Radosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
Real Estate Markets ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The World ◽  
Successful Women

The 21st century represents a century in which the world has flourished through technological progress, transforming many businesses in line with digitalization, social networks, and the tendencies brought by the internet generations. In sociological terms, many problems have remained the same despite progress. In this sense, women continue to fight for one of the fundamental human rights - gender equality and non - discrimination against male - female in the social, business and political environment. However, there are many positive examples of women leaders today, presidents of governments and large companies, successful women entrepreneurs, and they dominate in certain branches of the economy. Although care, pharmacy, education, and the like have so far been considered "typically female" professions, the business of intermediation in the sale and lease of real estate is attracting more and more attention of female gender. Whether women dominate such a significant branch of the economy, and why, the author will try to answer by looking at the results and statistics of one of the most developed real estate markets in the world - the real estate market in the United States. Whether women are naturally gifted in the field of mediation in buying or selling real estate or have managed to dominate the market with their professionalism and motivation, are questions that occupy the scientific public, but it is gratifying to see examples of so many successful women in the real estate with amazing careers and results. It can be concluded that it would be commendable if this trend spread over to other branches of the economy, as well as to other countries in the world.

scholarly journals Analysis of the residential real estate market in St. Petersburg

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
I. V. Drozdova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Markets ◽  
The Cost

The article analyzes the state of the primary and secondary residential real estate markets in St. Petersburg for the period from 2016 to 2020. The rating of developers leading in St. Petersburg in terms of the housing commissioning volume has been compiled. There have been identified the factors (economic sanctions, quarantine restrictions, devaluation of the ruble, inflation, decrease in the level of income of the population) influencing a decrease in the volume of housing commissioning, an increase in the cost and decrease in the affordability of housing in the primary and secondary residential real estate markets in 2019-2020. The trends in the development of residential real estate markets in St. Petersburg in 2021-2022 have been revealed.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF FEATURES OF RENT MARKET DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (161) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
S. Kobzan ◽  
A. Ivakhnenko ◽  
M. Tolsta
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City

The purpose of the article is to conduct a study of the rental market as a separate segment of the real estate market in urban development. A study of the rental market in Kharkiv was conducted. The relevance of the study is to determine the prospects for the development of modern urban economy, taking into account the development of the rental market. The question of the dependence of the rent on the cost of housing and the profitability of certain segments of the housing market is determined. An improved classification of different segments of housing in the modern city is given. An analysis of the cost of rent for each segment and depending on the location. Factors that significantly affect the cost of rent have been studied. Conclusions are made about the future development of the rental market in the municipal economy. In urban planning and urban planning it is extremely important to take into account the prospects and development of such a market segment as the rental market of residential real estate. The relevance of the study is to determine the prospects for the development of modern urban economy, taking into account the development of the rental market. The residential real estate rental market is a very important component for the development of the city in Kharkiv. The issue of researching the apartment rental market is relevant and will be deeply analyzed in the future. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set in the work: Analyze the rental market. Develop an improved classification of segmentation in the residential real estate market. Conduct research on the factors that affect the cost of rent. Develop a GIS model of the impact of rental costs depending on the area of the city. Build a detailed table of the dependence of the cost of rent on the location. Investigate the interaction in the real estate rental market and sales within urban development. The rental price is influenced by the following factors: - trends of growth or decline of the general state of the real estate market as a whole; - seasonality; - the distance of the district from the city center; - the presence of a transport interchange; - ecology, in the area where the object is located; - developed infrastructure; - level of housing comfort; - the duration of the lease; - number of rooms; - the presence of repairs; - type and condition of the building in which the dwelling is located. The article examines the rental housing market. Defined rental rates: minimum, average and maximum cost. Charts of dependence of cost of rent on a segment and a location are constructed. The housing market is developing despite the unstable economic situation, the devaluation of the hryvnia and declining incomes. The cost of renting an apartment depends on the location, condition of the house, transport infrastructure and the condition of the real estate. The hotel rental market is developing very actively. In Kharkov, in most cases, buy small apartments and hotels for investment (income from further rent). With the help of GOOGLE MAP, a map of the dependence of the average cost of renting hotels and 1-bedroom, 2-bedroom, 3-bedroom apartments on the location in the areas of Kharkiv was developed.

KOREA N REAL ESTATE MARKET AND BOOSTING POLICIES: FOCUSING ON MORTGAGE LOANS

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungjoo Hwang ◽  
Moonseo Park ◽  
Hyun-Soo Lee ◽  
Yousang Yoon ◽  
Bo-Sik Son
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Mortgage Market ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Mortgage Crisis

The Korean real estate market is currently slowing down due to the global economic crisis, which resulted from subprime mortgage crisis in the United States. In response, the Korean government has adopted various policies in an attempt to deregulate real estate speculation. For example, the Loan to value ratio (LTV) has been increased in order to stimulate housing supply, demand, and housing transactions. However, these policies could potentially result in a mortgage crisis due to an increase in over‐amplified and high‐risk derivatives in Korea's secondary mortgage market. Consequently, the housing market could fall into such deep confusion that it will be even more difficult to perform empirically based housing market forecasting. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic method is required to analyze the real estate financial market and the causal relationships between market influence factors. With an integrated perspective and an application of a system dynamics methodology, this paper proposes Korean Real Estate and Mortgage Market dynamics models based on the fundamental principles and causal loops of housing markets, which are determined by the economic activities of consumers, financial agencies, and real estate financing investors. The potential effects of the Korean government's deregulation policies are also considered by focusing on the main factor of these policies: the mortgage loan. Santruka Korejos nekilnojamojo turto rinka šiuo metu išgyvena nuosmuki del pasaulines ekonomines krizes, kuri kilo del JAV būsto paskolu rinkos krizes. Reaguodama i tai, Korejos Vyriausybe emesi ivairiu politikos priemoniu, siekdama užkirsti kelia nekilnojamojo turto spekuliacijai. Pavyzdžiui, buvo padidintas paskolos ir vertes santykis (angl. LTV), siekiant skatinti būsto pasiūla, paklausa ir būsto sandorius. Tačiau šios politicos priemones galetu lemti būsto krize del per daug išplestos ir dideles rizikos išvestinemis priemonemis, didinant Korejos antrinio būsto rinka. Tačiau būsto rinka gali atsidurti tokioje painioje situacijoje, kad bus dar sunkiau atlikti empiriškai pagrista būsto rinkos prognoze. Todel reikalingas išsamus ir sisteminis metodas, padedantis analizuoti finansine nekilnojamojo turto rinka ir priežastini ryši tarp rinka veikiančiu veiksniu. Be integruotos perspektyvos ir dinamiško sistemingu metodu taikymo, šiame straipsnyje siūlomi Korejos nekilnojamojo turto ir paskolu rinkos dinamikos modeliai, pagristi pagrindiniais principais ir pagrindinemis nesekmemis būsto rinkose, kurios nustatomos pagal ekonomine vartotoju veikla, finansuojančias institucijas, ir nekilnojamaji turta finansuojančiais investuotojais. Galimas Korejos Vyriausybes pertvarkymo politicos rezultatas - sutelkti demesi i svarbiausia šiu politikos krypčiu rodikli - būsto paskolas.

scholarly journals Information Asymmetry, Ownership Structure and Cost of Equity Capital: The Formation for Open Innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Ade Imam Muslim ◽  
Doddy Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Foreign Ownership ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Ownership Structures ◽  
The Cost

Our study aims to investigate how information asymmetry and ownership structure affect cost of equity capital. For that purpose, we collected 246 issuers over 4 years for a total of 984 observations. By using panel data processing, we found that the information asymmetry we proxied through Price non-Synchronization and trading volume had an effect on the cost of equity capital. Our results also confirmed both Agency Theory and Pecking Order Theory. Both theories are in line with the conditions of the stock market in Indonesia. In addition, we found that institutional and foreign ownership structures also had an effect on the cost of equity capital. Furthermore, our results also confirmed Interest Alignment Theory and Entrenchment Theory. Our research is expected to contribute to the debate on the existence of information asymmetry and ownership structures in relation to the cost of equity capital. We also hope that it will be a valuable input for investors in considering their investment. Moreover, from the results of this study, investors can also consider foreign ownership or institutional ownership in determining their investment. In addition, stock market regulators in Indonesia can develop approaches to minimize information asymmetry and encourage foreign investors to invest in Indonesia.

Linkages between cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Hiang Liow
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Stock Market Index ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Index ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Cross

Purpose This research aims to investigate whether and to what extent the co-movements of cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles are linked across G7 from February 1990 to June 2014. Design/methodology/approach The empirical approaches include correlation analysis on Hodrick–Prescott (HP) cycles, HP cycle return spillovers effects using Diebold and Yilmaz’s (2012) spillover index methodology, as well as Croux et al.’s (2001) dynamic correlation and cohesion methodology. Findings There are fairly strong cycle-return spillover effects between the cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles. The interactions among the cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles in G7 are less positively pronounced or exhibit counter-cyclical behavior at the traditional business cycle (medium-term) frequency band when “pure” stock market cycles are considered. Research limitations/implications The research is subject to the usual limitations concerning empirical research. Practical implications This study finds that real estate is an important factor in influencing the degree and behavior of the relationship between cross-country business cycles and cross-country stock market cycles in G7. It provides important empirical insights for portfolio investors to understand and forecast the differential benefits and pitfalls of portfolio diversification in the long-, medium- and short-cycle horizons, as well as for research studying the linkages between the real economy and financial sectors. Originality/value In adding to the existing body of knowledge concerning economic globalization and financial market interdependence, this study evaluates the linkages between business cycles, stock market cycles and public real estate market cycles cross G7 and adds to the academic real estate literature. Because public real estate market is a subset of stock market, our approach is to use an original stock market index, as well as a “pure” stock market index (with the influence of real estate market removed) to offer additional empirical insights from two key complementary perspectives.

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