scholarly journals Risk Aversion and Social Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromír Kovářík ◽  
Marco J. van der Leij
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Empirical Finding ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Network Clustering ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
The One

AbstractThis paper first investigates empirically the relationship between risk aversion and social network structure in a large group of undergraduate students. We find that risk aversion is strongly correlated to local network clustering, that is, the probability that one has a social tie to friends of friends. We then propose a network formation model that generates this empirical finding, suggesting that locally superior information on benefits makes it more attractive for risk averse individuals to link to friends of friends. Finally, we discuss implications of this model. The model generates a positive correlation between local network clustering and benefits, even if benefits are distributed independently ex ante. This provides an alternative explanation of this relationship to the one given by the social capital literature. We also establish a linkage between the uncertainty of the environment and the network structure: risky environments generate more clustered and more unequal networks in terms of connectivity.

scholarly journals Structure-sensitive testimonial norms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt T. A. Höltgen
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Network ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Structure Sensitive ◽  
Conventional Structure ◽  
The One ◽  
Size And Structure

AbstractAlthough there has been a lot of investigation into the influence of the network structure of scientific communities on the one hand and into testimonial norms (TNs) on the other, a discussion of TNs that take the network structure into account has been lacking. In this paper, I introduce two TNs which are sensitive to the local network structure. According to these norms, scientists should give less weight to the results of well-connected colleagues, as compared to less connected ones. I employ an Agent Based Model to test the reliability of the two novel TNs against different versions of conventional, structure-insensitive TNs in networks of varying size and structure. The results of the simulations show that the novel TNs are more reliable. This suggests that it would be beneficial for scientific communities if their members followed such norms. For individual scientists, I show that there are both reasons for and reasons against adopting them.

Relationship between employees’ performance and social network structure

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Cai ◽  
Haifeng Du ◽  
Chen Zhao ◽  
Wei Du
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Network Structure

Purpose – The aim of this paper, considering the two types of networks and the scope of power from structural holes, is to clarify the relationship between employees’ performance and their social network structure in Chinese small and medium enterprises from the whole-network perspective. The complicated relationship in Chinese culture requires human resource management (HRM) practitioners to be aware of the implications of social network. Design/methodology/approach – An empirical research approach is used in this paper. Using the cluster sampling method, authors collected 118 employees’ characteristic data and network data by face-to-face interviews through structured questionnaire survey, and also got their performance data from the financial department, which support correlation analysis and OLS regression analysis. Findings – First, informal network, but not formal network, has a significant impact on employees’ performance. Second, individual performance of brokerage is greater for direct than indirect contacts. Finally, broker-of-brokers will be the winner in the competition. Originality/value – First, previous research focuses on egocentric network as the difficulty of data collection, while this paper analyzes a whole network based on the real social network. Second, this paper reveals the network structure mode where individuals get benefits. Third, it also uncovers the effect of relationship type on employees’ performance in Chinese SME. Finally, this paper identifies the status homophily and status crystallization phenomenon in the process of social network formation.

Formation and Structure of End-Linked Elastomer Networks

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Dušek
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Gel Point ◽  
Theoretical Treatment ◽  
Telechelic Polymers ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The One

Abstract The network structure of end-linked polymer networks prepared from telechelic polymers is determined mainly by the functionality distribution of the telechelic polymer, the relative reactivity of the functional groups, and the conditions of network formation. The main feature of network formation by end-linking (by a step reaction) is a relatively high critical conversion at the gel point and a relatively narrow range of conversions available for the build-up of the network structure. Therefore, the final equilibrium properties (modulus and degree of swelling) are rather sensitive to cyclization, incompleteness of the reaction, and possible errors in the determination of the content of functional groups or functionality. The wastage of bonds in elastically inactive cycles is rather low, amounting to several per cent, but its effect on the concentration of EANC's is not negligible. In multicomponent systems, where two or more structurally differing components contain groups of the same kind, chemical clustering (e.g., formation of hard clusters) occurs and affects the concentration of EANC's as well as a number of physical properties. For polyurethane networks, mechanical, dielectric and optical measurements indicate that networks of poly(oxypropylene)triol and diisocyanate are more homogeneous than those of poly(oxypropylene)diols, 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane, and diisocyanate, and that the two-stage process yields more homogeneous networks than the one-stage one. The correlations between the concentration of EANC's and the gel fraction can be generalized and employed in examining the rubber elasticity theories or the degree of crosslinking of industrially important elastomer networks. In addition to the common features, the endlinking processes have their own specificities given by differences in the crosslinking mechanisms and, sometimes, in physical interactions. An example of a more complex network formation (and a correspondingly more difficult theoretical treatment) is crosslinking of carboxyl-terminated rubbers with diepoxides.

Evolutionary dynamics modeling of symbolic social network structure equilibrium

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 229-240
Author(s):  
Weijin Jiang ◽  
Sijian Lv ◽  
Yirong Jiang ◽  
Jiahui Chen ◽  
Fang Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Social Network Structure

Online Communities and Social Network Structure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhao Wei ◽  
Wensi Zhang ◽  
Sha Yang ◽  
Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Online Communities ◽  
Social Network Structure

scholarly journals Acoustic Cell Patterning in Hydrogel for Three-Dimensional Cell Network Formation

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Kyo-in Koo ◽  
Andreas Lenshof ◽  
Le Thi Huong ◽  
Thomas Laurell
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

In the field of engineered organ and drug development, three-dimensional network-structured tissue has been a long-sought goal. This paper presents a direct hydrogel extrusion process exposed to an ultrasound standing wave that aligns fibroblast cells to form a network structure. The frequency-shifted (2 MHz to 4 MHz) ultrasound actuation of a 400-micrometer square-shaped glass capillary that was continuously perfused by fibroblast cells suspended in sodium alginate generated a hydrogel string, with the fibroblasts aligned in single or quadruple streams. In the transition from the one-cell stream to the four-cell streams, the aligned fibroblast cells were continuously interconnected in the form of a branch and a junction. The ultrasound-exposed fibroblast cells displayed over 95% viability up to day 10 in culture medium without any significant difference from the unexposed fibroblast cells. This acoustofluidic method will be further applied to create a vascularized network by replacing fibroblast cells with human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

scholarly journals Inequality is rising where social network segregation interacts with urban topology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergő Tóth ◽  
Johannes Wachs ◽  
Riccardo Di Clemente ◽  
Ákos Jakobi ◽  
Bence Ságvári ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Urban Geography ◽  
Online Social Network ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
Physical Barriers

AbstractSocial networks amplify inequalities by fundamental mechanisms of social tie formation such as homophily and triadic closure. These forces sharpen social segregation, which is reflected in fragmented social network structure. Geographical impediments such as distance and physical or administrative boundaries also reinforce social segregation. Yet, less is known about the joint relationships between social network structure, urban geography, and inequality. In this paper we analyze an online social network and find that the fragmentation of social networks is significantly higher in towns in which residential neighborhoods are divided by physical barriers such as rivers and railroads. Towns in which neighborhoods are relatively distant from the center of town and amenities are spatially concentrated are also more socially segregated. Using a two-stage model, we show that these urban geography features have significant relationships with income inequality via social network fragmentation. In other words, the geographic features of a place can compound economic inequalities via social networks.

scholarly journals Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (43) ◽  
pp. 12114-12119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Glowacki ◽  
Alexander Isakov ◽  
Richard W. Wrangham ◽  
Rose McDermott ◽  
James H. Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
East African ◽  
Nomadic Pastoralists ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Total Impact ◽  
Social Network Position

Intergroup violence is common among humans worldwide. To assess how within-group social dynamics contribute to risky, between-group conflict, we conducted a 3-y longitudinal study of the formation of raiding parties among the Nyangatom, a group of East African nomadic pastoralists currently engaged in small-scale warfare. We also mapped the social network structure of potential male raiders. Here, we show that the initiation of raids depends on the presence of specific leaders who tend to participate in many raids, to have more friends, and to occupy more central positions in the network. However, despite the different structural position of raid leaders, raid participants are recruited from the whole population, not just from the direct friends of leaders. An individual’s decision to participate in a raid is strongly associated with the individual’s social network position in relation to other participants. Moreover, nonleaders have a larger total impact on raid participation than leaders, despite leaders’ greater connectivity. Thus, we find that leaders matter more for raid initiation than participant mobilization. Social networks may play a role in supporting risky collective action, amplify the emergence of raiding parties, and hence facilitate intergroup violence in small-scale societies.

scholarly journals Neural bases of recommendations differ according to social network structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Brook O’Donnell ◽  
Joseph B. Bayer ◽  
Christopher N. Cascio ◽  
Emily B. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
Neural Bases
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