scholarly journals Muscle stretching – the potential role of endogenous pain inhibitory modulation on stretch tolerance

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Pallisgaard Støve ◽  
Rogerio Pessoto Hirata ◽  
Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Painful Stimulus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inhibitory System ◽  
Pain Group ◽  
Resistive Torque

Abstract Background and aims The effect of stretching on joint range of motion is well documented and is primarily related to changes in the tolerance to stretch, but the mechanisms underlying this change are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a remote, painful stimulus on stretch tolerance. Methods Thirty-four healthy male subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental pain group (n=17) or a control group (n=17). Passive knee extension range of motion, the activity of hamstring muscles and passive resistive torque were measured with subjects in a seated position. Three consecutive measures were performed with a 5-min interval between. A static stretch protocol was utilized in both groups to examine the effect of stretching and differences in stretch tolerance between groups. Following this, the pain-group performed a cold pressor test which is known to engage the endogenous pain inhibitory system after which measurements were repeated. Results A significant increase in knee extension range of motion was found in the pain group compared with controls (ANCOVA: p<0.05). No difference was found in muscle activity or passive resistive torque between groups (ANCOVA p>0.091). Conclusions Passive knee extension range of motion following stretching increased when following a distant, painful stimulus, potentially engaging the endogenous pain inhibitory systems. Current findings indicate a link between increased tolerance to stretch and endogenous pain inhibition. Implications The current findings may have implications for clinical practice as they indicate that a distant painful stimulus can influence range of motion in healthy individuals. This implies that the modulation of pain has significance for the efficacy of stretching which is important knowledge when prescribing stretching as part of rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Immune Biomarker Response Depends on Choice of Experimental Pain Stimulus in Healthy Adults: A Preliminary Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yenisel Cruz-Almeida ◽  
Christopher D. King ◽  
Shannon M. Wallet ◽  
Joseph L. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Painful Stimulus ◽  
Pain Stimulus ◽  
Biomarker Response ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Multiple Biomarkers ◽  
Chronic Pain Conditions ◽  
Pain Stimuli

Few studies in healthy subjects have examined the neuroimmune responses associated with specific experimental pain stimuli, while none has measured multiple biomarkers simultaneously. The aim of the present study was to compare the neuro-immune responses following two common experimental pain stimuli: cold pressor test (CPT) and focal heat pain (FHP). Eight adults participated in two counterbalanced experimental sessions of FHP or CPT with continuous pain ratings and blood sampling before and 30 minutes after the sessions. Despite similar pain intensity ratings (FHP = 42.2±15.3; CPT = 44.5±34.1; P=0.871), CPT and FHP induced different neuro-immune biomarker responses. CPT was accompanied by significant increases in cortisol (P=0.046) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P=0.043) with significant decreases in several pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β (P=0.028), IL-12 (P=0.012), TNF-α (P=0.039), and MCP-1 (P=0.038)). There were nonsignificant biomarker changes during the FHP session. There were close to significant differences between the sessions for IL-1β (P=0.081), IFN-γ (P=0.072), and IL-12 (P=0.053) with biomarkers decreasing after CPT and increasing after FHP. There were stronger associations between catastrophizing and most biomarkers after CPT compared to FHP. Our results suggest that CPT is a stressful and painful stimulus, while FHP is mostly a painful stimulus. Thus, each experimental pain stimulus can activate different neuro-immune cascades, which are likely relevant for the interpretation of studies in chronic pain conditions.

The tolerance to stretch is linked with endogenous modulation of pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Pallisgaard Støve ◽  
Rogerio Pessoto Hirata ◽  
Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Static Stretch ◽  
Pain Thresholds ◽  
Pressure Pain ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Pressure Pain Thresholds ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Objectives The effect of stretching on joint range of motion is well documented, and although sensory perception has significance for changes in the tolerance to stretch following stretching the underlining mechanisms responsible for these changes is insufficiently understood. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms on stretch tolerance and to investigate the relationship between range of motion and changes in pain sensitivity. Methods Nineteen healthy males participated in this randomized, repeated-measures crossover study, conducted on 2 separate days. Knee extension range of motion, passive resistive torque, and pressure pain thresholds were recorded before, after, and 10 min after each of four experimental conditions; (i) Exercise-induced hypoalgesia, (ii) two bouts of static stretching, (iii) resting, and (iv) a remote, painful stimulus induced by the cold pressor test. Results Exercise-induced hypoalgesia and cold pressor test caused an increase in range of motion (p<0.034) and pressure pain thresholds (p<0.027). Moderate correlations in pressure pain thresholds were found between exercise-induced hypoalgesia and static stretch (Rho>0.507, p=0.01) and exercise-induced hypoalgesia and the cold pressor test (Rho=0.562, p=0.01). A weak correlation in pressure pain thresholds and changes in range of motion were found following the cold pressor test (Rho=0.460, p=0.047). However, a potential carryover hypoalgesic effect may have affected the results of the static stretch. Conclusions These results suggest that stretch tolerance may be linked with endogenous modulation of pain. Present results suggest, that stretch tolerance may merely be a marker for pain sensitivity which may have clinical significance given that stretching is often prescribed in the rehabilitation of different musculoskeletal pain conditions where reduced endogenous pain inhibition is frequently seen.

scholarly journals Effects of stress on human mating preferences: stressed individuals prefer dissimilar mates

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1691) ◽  
pp. 2175-2183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Lass-Hennemann ◽  
Christian E. Deuter ◽  
Linn K. Kuehl ◽  
André Schulz ◽  
Terry D. Blumenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Approach Motivation ◽  
Presentation Of Self ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Startle Magnitude ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Human Mating

Although humans usually prefer mates that resemble themselves, mating preferences can vary with context. Stress has been shown to alter mating preferences in animals, but the effects of stress on human mating preferences are unknown. Here, we investigated whether stress alters men's preference for self-resembling mates. Participants first underwent a cold-pressor test (stress induction) or a control procedure. Then, participants viewed either neutral pictures or pictures of erotic female nudes whose facial characteristics were computer-modified to resemble either the participant or another participant, or were not modified, while startle eyeblink responses were elicited by noise probes. Erotic pictures were rated as being pleasant, and reduced startle magnitude compared with neutral pictures. In the control group, startle magnitude was smaller during foreground presentation of photographs of self-resembling female nudes compared with other-resembling female nudes and non-manipulated female nudes, indicating a higher approach motivation to self-resembling mates. In the stress group, startle magnitude was larger during foreground presentation of self-resembling female nudes compared with other-resembling female nudes and non-manipulated female nudes, indicating a higher approach motivation to dissimilar mates. Our findings show that stress affects human mating preferences: unstressed individuals showed the expected preference for similar mates, but stressed individuals seem to prefer dissimilar mates.

scholarly journals Impaired Modulation of Pain in Patients with Postherpetic Neuralgia

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. e19-e23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisèle Pickering ◽  
Bruno Pereira ◽  
Elodie Dufour ◽  
Sylvie Soule ◽  
Claude Dubray
Keyword(s):  
Postherpetic Neuralgia ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Clinical Pain

BACKGROUND: The efficiency of inhibitory pain descending pathways (evaluated using conditioned pain modulation [CPM]) has not been studied in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).OBJECTIVE: To compare CPM in PHN patients with healthy controls.METHODS: Nine PHN patients and nine control individuals were matched according to age and sex. Amplitudes of cortical thermal-evoked potentials were recorded on the surface of the scalp; clinical pain and thermal pain were evaluated on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale, at baseline and at intervals during the 6 min after CPM (elicited by a cold pressor test, 8°C). A battery of cognitive tests was performed. Amplitude differences, percentages and related areas under the curve (AUCCPM) were calculated and all data were compared between both groups; P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.RESULTS: AUCCPM0–6 minwas significantly lower in PHN patients compared with controls (−39±51 μV/min versus −144±66 μV/min; P=0.0012) and correlated (P=0.04) with clinical pain intensity. Pain ratings before CPM were similar in both groups but were significantly lower in the control group 3 min after the cold pressor test. Cognitive test results were not significantly different.CONCLUSION: Psychophysical and electrophysiological approaches have shown that patients with PHN exhibit a deficiency of pain inhibition modulation, which could signal a predisposing factor to developing chronic pain. This deficiency was not linked to the cognitive performance but rather to subtle in situ cognitivoemotional adaptations, which remain to be investigated.

scholarly journals EFEITO DA MASSOTERAPIA NOS SINTOMAS DA DOR MUSCULAR TARDIA

1970 ◽  
Vol 79 (148) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Cabral Silva ◽  
Charles de Souza Vieira ◽  
Lucas Pereira Lopes de Souza ◽  
Rodrigo Cappato de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Group Control

Resumo: A dor muscular tardia está associada a exercícios não-acostumados principalmente de natureza excêntrica, tendo seu pico entre 24-72h e caracteriza se pelo aparecimento de dor, rigidez, edema e redução na amplitude de movimento (ADM). O estudo tem como objetivo observar os efeitos da massoterapia sobre os sintomas da dor muscular tardia. Vinte voluntários foram divididos de forma aleatória em dois grupos contendo dez pessoas cada, onde ambos realizaram 3 séries com 10 contrações excêntricas sub-máximas do músculo tríceps sural, sendo um grupo controle e outro submetido a um protocolo de massoterapia logo após o exercício. Foram avaliadas ADM de joelho e tornozelo, perimetria da perna e a dor através da escala visual analógica. Essas avaliações ocorreram antes, após, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o protocolo de exercício. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do teste ANOVA pos hoc Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. O grupo controle e o grupo de massoterapia apresentaram pico de dor 48 horas após o exercício. O grupo controle ainda apresentou diminuição do movimento de extensão ativa da articulação do joelho, enquanto o grupo que sofreu a intervenção não apresentou alterações significantes na amplitude de movimento. Conclui-se que a técnica é eficaz para evitar a redução de amplitude de extensão ativa do joelho, porém não reduz a dor após um exercício excêntrico não acostumado.Abstract: Delayed on-set muscle soreness is associated with unaccustomed exercise mainly eccentric nature, the intensity of soreness increases during the first 24-72 hours and it is characterized by appearance of pain, stiffness, swelling and reduction in range of motion (ROM). The objective of this study was to observe the effect of the massage on the symptoms of delayed on-set muscle soreness. Twenty volunteers were randomly assigned to either a massage or control group. The volunteers realized 3 sets of 10 submaximal eccentric contractions of the triceps sural muscle. ROM of knee and ankle, perimetry of the leg and pain were evaluated. These evaluations occurred before, after, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the exercise protocol. The statistics analysis was evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey pos hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The control and massage groups presented peak of pain 48 hours after the exercise. The group control still presented reduction of the movement of active extension of the knee joint, while the group that suffered the intervention did not present significant alterations in the range of motion. The massage technique is efficient to prevent the reduction of range of active knee extension, however does not reduce pain after an unaccustomed eccentric exercise.

scholarly journals Classification of Game Demand and the Presence of Experimental Pain Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Fairclough ◽  
Chelsea Dobbins ◽  
Kellyann Stamp
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Pain tolerance can be increased by the introduction of an active distraction, such as a computer game. This effect has been found to be moderated by game demand, i.e., increased game demand = higher pain tolerance. A study was performed to classify the level of game demand and the presence of pain using implicit measures from functional Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and heart rate features from an electrocardiogram (ECG). Twenty participants played a racing game that was configured to induce low (Easy) or high (Hard) levels of demand. Both Easy and Hard levels of game demand were played with or without the presence of experimental pain using the cold pressor test protocol. Eight channels of fNIRS data were recorded from a montage of frontal and central-parietal sites located on the midline. Features were generated from these data, a subset of which were selected for classification using the RELIEFF method. Classifiers for game demand (Easy vs. Hard) and pain (pain vs. no-pain) were developed using five methods: Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB) and Random Forest (RF). These models were validated using a ten fold cross-validation procedure. The SVM approach using features derived from fNIRS was the only method that classified game demand at higher than chance levels (accuracy = 0.66, F1 = 0.68). It was not possible to classify pain vs. no-pain at higher than chance level. The results demonstrate the viability of utilising fNIRS data to classify levels of game demand and the difficulty of classifying pain when another task is present.

Personality traits and sensitivity to pain in male chronic opioid addicts

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elon Eisenberg, MD ◽  
Doron Cohen, MA ◽  
Eli Lawental, PhD ◽  
Dorit Pud, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Pain Mechanisms

Objective: Previous evidences concerning pain mechanisms, long-term opioids use, and personality traits evolve the possibility that pain perception and opioid abuse are two related phenomena and there is a need to take into account the specific personality traits as well, in examining the relationships among them. Opioid addicts (OAs) have been shown to exhibit different personality traits and pain perception as compared with healthy subjects. The aim of the present study was to examine the relations between personality traits and pain perception among in-treatment OAs in comparison with controls.Design: Participants (54 OAs, 59 controls), all males, were exposed to the cold pressor test and were evaluated for latency of pain onset (seconds); pain intensity (0-100 visual analogue scale [VAS)]); and pain tolerance (time for hand withdrawal). Personality traits were evaluated using Cloninger’s Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, TPQ; harm avoidance, HA; reward dependence, RD; novelty seeking, NS.Results: In comparison with controls, OAs exhibited longer latencies, lower VAS scores, and shorter tolerance, and significantly higher NS, higher HA, and lower RD. Control group, but not OAs, showed a significant positive correlation between HA and VAS (r = 0.31, p = 0.02) and significant negative correlation between HA and tolerance (r = −0.29, p = 0.03).Conclusions: It is concluded that in contrast to healthy population, personality traits, as measured by the TPQ, do not predict pain perception in OAs.

scholarly journals A 5-HT Antagonist (UP 26-91) versus Codeine and Placebo in a Human Experimental Pain Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Arendt-Nielsen ◽  
Poul Pedersen ◽  
Lars Poulsen ◽  
Ole Kæseler Andersen ◽  
Peter Bjerring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Pain Models

BACKGROUND: This double-blind, randomized, crossover study compared the potential analgesic effect of the serotonin receptor antagonist UP 26-91 (50 mg, 150 mg and 300 mg) with that of codeine (100 mg) and placebo by use of different human experimental pain models.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In experiment 1, pain detection and tolerance thresholds to heat, pressure and pain ratings during the cold pressor test were measured. In experiment 2, the pain threshold to single and repetitive (temporal summation) electrical sural nerve stimulation, and the pain intensity on a visual analogue scale to supra pain threshold electrical stimulation (stimulus-response-function) were measured. Tests were performed before, and 1, 2 and 6 h after drug administration.RESULTS: UP 26-91 did not show a marked effect on the experimental pain tests. Most of the variables tended to show a better effect from codeine than from placebo, but statistical significance for peak pain was only reached during the cold pressor test (P=0.011).CONCLUSIONS: In the present doses, the serotonin antagonist UP 26-91 had no effect on the experimental pain models applied.

Effect of Stretching on Ankle and Knee Angles and Gastrocnemius Activity during the Stance Phase of Gait

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie A. Johanson ◽  
Brian J. Cuda ◽  
Jonathan E. Koontz ◽  
Julia C. Stell ◽  
Thomas A. Abelew
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
Experimental Group

Context:Stretching exercises are commonly prescribed for patients and healthy individuals with limited extensibility of the gastrocnemius muscle.Objective:To determine effects of gastrocnemius stretching on ankle dorsiflexion, knee extension, and gastrocnemius muscle activity during gait.Design:Randomized-control trial.Setting:Biomechanical laboratory.Participants:Sixteen volunteers (9 men and 7 women, mean age = 27 y) with less than 5° of passive ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion randomly assigned to an experimental or control group.Intervention:The experimental group performed gastrocnemius stretching for 3 wk.Main Outcome Measures:Maximum ankle dorsiflexion, maximum knee extension, and EMG amplitude of the gastrocnemius muscles were measured between heel strike and heel-off before and after intervention.Results:No significant effect of group or time was found on maximum ankle dorsiflexion, maximum knee extension, or EMG activity of the medial or lateral gastrocnemius muscles between heel strike and heel-off. The experimental group had significantly greater passive ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion bilaterally at posttest than the control group.Conclusions:Stretching did not alter joint angles or gastrocnemius muscle activity in the early to midstance phase of gait.

scholarly journals Sympathetic nervous system activation reduces contraction-induced rapid vasodilation in the leg of humans independent of age

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Hughes ◽  
Nicholas T. Kruse ◽  
Darren P. Casey
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sympathetic Vasoconstriction ◽  
Rate Maximum

Contraction-induced rapid vasodilation is attenuated similarly in the upper and lower limbs of older adults. In the forearm, this attenuation is in part due to a greater sympathetic vasoconstriction. We examined whether the age-related reduction in contraction-induced vasodilation in the leg is also due to a sympathetic vasoconstrictive mechanism. Thirteen young (24 ± 1 yr) and twelve older adults (67 ± 1 yr) performed single-leg knee extension at 20 and 40% of work-rate maximum (WRmax) during control and cold-pressor test (CPT) conditions. Femoral artery diameter and blood velocity were measured using Doppler ultrasound. Vascular conductance (VC; ml·min−1·mmHg−1) was calculated using blood flow (ml/min) and mean arterial pressure (mmHg). Peak (ΔVC from baseline) and total VC were blunted in older adults during control conditions across exercise intensities ( P < 0.05). Peak and total VC were reduced during CPT in both age groups across exercise intensities ( P < 0.05). The relative change (i.e., %reduction; CPT vs. control) in peak (−25 ± 5 vs. −22 ± 4% at 20% WRmax; and −21 ± 6 vs. −27 ± 5% at 40% WRmax; P = 0.42–0.55) and total VC (−28 ± 5 vs. −36 ± 6% at 20% WRmax; and −22 ± 8 vs. −33 ± 5% at 40% WRmax; P = 0.23–0.34) were similar between young and older adults. When matched for absolute workload (~10 W), age differences persisted in peak VC ( P < 0.05) under both conditions, with similar relative changes in peak and total VC during CPT. Our data suggest that 1) sympathetic stimulation reduces contraction-induced rapid vasodilation in the leg of young and older adults similarly; and 2) enhanced sympathetic vasoconstriction does not fully explain age-related differences in contraction-induced vasodilation within the leg. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging is associated with attenuated contraction-induced rapid onset vasodilation (ROV). Within the forearm, this attenuation is partially due to enhanced sympathetic vasoconstriction. In the current study, we found that sympathetic vasoconstriction reduces contraction-induced ROV within the leg of both young and older adults, with the magnitude of change being similar between age groups. Our current results suggest that age-related attenuations in contraction-induced ROV within the leg are not fully explained by a sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document