Mit zweierlei Maß. Der Adriaraum als Laboratorium spätmittelalterlicher Praktiken des Slaving / Two Degrees of Bondage: The Venetian Adriatic Sea as a Laboratory for European Practices and Discourses of Slavery

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Juliane Schiel
Keyword(s):  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Balkans

Abstract It is usually held that by the turn of the millennium Latin Christians stopped enslaving their fellow-believers from within Europe. Scholars have therefore tended to define the late medieval type of domestic slaves in Italian and Iberian households, most of whom had been traded from the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea region to Europe, by their cultural and religious difference. Yet, the numerous Christians from the Balkans who came across the Adriatic Sea to the West (and especially to Venice) clearly complicate the picture. They were mostly under twelve years of age and could be purchased at a very low price. The paper examines the commercial policy of the Venetian Senate in respect of the Adriatic human trafficking and sounds the strategies Venetian merchants used in order to pursue their interests, within and outside the legal framework set by the state authorities East and West of the Adriatic Sea.

Mit zweierlei Maß. Der Adriaraum als Laboratorium spätmittelalterlicher Praktiken des Slaving / Two Degrees of Bondage: The Venetian Adriatic Sea as a Laboratory for European Practices and Discourses of Slavery

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Schiel
Keyword(s):  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Balkans

AbstractIt is usually held that by the turn of the millennium Latin Christians stopped enslaving their fellow-believers from within Europe. Scholars have therefore tended to define the late medieval type of domestic slaves in Italian and Iberian households, most of whom had been traded from the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea region to Europe, by their cultural and religious difference. Yet, the numerous Christians from the Balkans who came across the Adriatic Sea to the West (and especially to Venice) clearly complicate the picture. They were mostly under twelve years of age and could be purchased at a very low price. The paper examines the commercial policy of the Venetian Senate in respect of the Adriatic human trafficking and sounds the strategies Venetian merchants used in order to pursue their interests, within and outside the legal framework set by the state authorities East and West of the Adriatic Sea.

scholarly journals Strategy in the making: Russia-NATO Relations under Strategic Competition

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Luis Alexander Montero Moncada ◽  
Maria Paula Velandia García
Keyword(s):  
World Politics ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
European Security ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Strategic Competition ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

In this article, we examine the elements that are being developed by NATO and Russia in a strategic competition in Europe. Having analysed these elements, each sub-system, as described by the Realist Theory of International Relations, is facing major changes in today’s world politics. From Northern Europe to the Balkans and the Black Sea region, the analysis focuses on areas of tension that could potentially become problematic for the interaction between the two actors. Besides, the Baltic region is explained further due to its continuous activity regarding either hybrid or tradition war tactics. Finally, we draw a parallel between NATO, the EU and the USA as main actors in European Security and how the latter has been changing drastically since Donald Trump took office. We conclude by analysing potential risks, scenarios and conflicts between NATO and Russia in short range projections.

Imperial confrontation or regional cooperation?: Bulgarian migration and Ottoman-Russian relations in the Black Sea region, 1768-1830s

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Robarts
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Primary Unit

The Black Sea region from 1768-1830s has traditionally been characterized as a theater of warfare and imperial competition. Indeed, during this period, the Ottoman and Russian empires engaged in four armed conflicts for supremacy in the Balkans, the Caucasus, and on the Black Sea itself. While not discounting geo-strategic and ideological confrontation between the Ottoman and Russian empires, this article - by adopting the Black Sea region as its primary unit of historical and political analysis - will emphasize the considerable amount of exchange that took place between the Ottoman and Russian empires in the Black Sea region in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Building upon a case study of Bulgarian migration between the Ottoman and Russian empires and as part of a broader discussion on Ottoman-Russian Black Sea diplomacy this article will detail joint Ottoman-Russian initiatives to control their mutual Black Sea borderland.

scholarly journals Ranosrednjovjekovni nalazi iz hrvatskog podmorja

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenko Brusić
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Triangular Cross Section ◽  
The 1960S

I will use the opportunity in the fourth number of the Archaeologia Adriatica journal which is dedicated to my friend and colleague J. Belošević to pay attention to the finds which were found at the sea bottom as a consequence of various shipwrecks or as discarded or lost objects in the Early Middle Ages period when Croatian state developed and existed. Monuments from this period belong to rich scope of the study and research of my colleague J. Belošević. In this case by underwater finds I refer to a specific category of monuments that I have already written about, and which can be dated to the mentioned period on the basis of analogies. Namely these are amphorae which exhibit considerable differences regarding their size, i.e. capacity from the earlier types dated from the 5th to 7th centuries. These Byzantine amphorae, as they are usually referred to, have characteristic massive handles which are usually higher than the vessel's opening whereas base of the amphora is oval in shape, without pointed end characteristic of the earlier amphorae. Forms are usually piriform or ovoid, and their height usually does not exceed 40 cm. Remains of a shipwreck with amphorae of this type were discovered near the island of Mljet in the mid-1970s and the site had already been devastated. I discovered another site with the remains of the Byzantine amphorae and some other objects in the sea in front of the Ždrijac site in the vicinity of Nin when I was working as a curator of a regional archaeological collection in Nin in the 1960s. Byzantine amphorae were also found in 1995 in the Bay of Pijan in Savudrija where rescue underwater archaeological excavations of an important ancient port near Aquileia were undertaken due to building and extending a quay. Great part of the remaining amphorae which I present in this paper are older finds without exact data about the findspot and circumstances of discovery, such as the upper segment of an amphora from Umag or an oblong amphora with large handles which are significantly higher than its opening from Poreč (presently in the Regional Museum in Poreč). Three almost identical amphorae have piriform bodies and massive handles with a triangular cross-section which are higher than the amphora's opening. One of them was found near the island of Žut long time ago, presently it is in the Šibenik City Museum, the second was taken out of the sea in a fishing net between the islands of Silba and Olib, and the third one is from the Trogir port. There are several more amphorae corresponding to these finds: upper segment of an amphora from Ždrijac in Nin and two somewhat larger amphorae, one of which was found near the island of Ošljak near Zadar long ago (presently in the Archaeological Museum in Zadar) and the other from the Kovačić collection on the island of Hvar. A larger segment of a smaller oblong amphora of the similar shape was found in the 1970s near the island of Vela Arta near Murter. An upper segment of an amphora with a distinct neck and opening and large massive handles with triangular cross-section was found in the sea near the cape of Gospa od Gradine in Rogoznica, presently also in the Šibenik City Museum. We also need to mention finds from the port of Hvar found in 1991 and amphorae from the churches of St. Michael in Ston, St. George on the island of Vis and St. Barbara in Trogir. Underwater explorations along the Asia Minor coastline and in the Black Sea brought to light similar examples of amphorae on the basis of which N. Günsenin and Ch. Bakirtzis created a chronology, classifying them into several types dated from the 9th to 13th centuries. For an amphora from the collection of the Franciscan Monastery on the island of Krapanj we can find closer analogies, and probably also production centers on Peloponnesus. Without individual analysis of each of our amphorae, we can easily notice difference in the height of the handles which are often higher than the amphora's opening. Other evident differences include size and forms of amphorae as well as their diversity in relation to amphorae from the same period found in Turkish/Pontic region and the remaing part of the Balkans. These insights about the typological differences between our amphorae and the aforementioned ones in the Asia Minor region open up possibilities for hypothesizing about other, possibly local workshop centers in the area of today's Albanian littoral or the rest of the eastern Adriatic coast. All together, our coast shows the most impressive picture of maritime trade in the early medieval period on the basis of density of finds of the mentioned amphorae. Trade with glass products was also present in this period along our coast as indicated by the remains of a shipwreck near Cape Stoba on the island of Mljet where a certain amount of glass sets was found together with amphorae. Some of complete glass items found on a shipwreck near Serçe Limani can be related to some finds from the terrestrial sites on the basis of analogies, such as a glass flask from the grave (no. 322) at the great necropolis from Ždrijac in Nin which can be related to the workshop centres of the eastern Mediterranean since similar flask was found on the shipwreck from Serçe Limani in Turkey.

Science and Festivity. The Cult and Idealization towards the Images of St. Cyril and Methodius and Some of their Students in Some Countries in the Black Sea Region during 1945-1990

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-249
Author(s):  
Elena Azmanova-Rudarska
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This paper follows the cult towards some of the St. Holy Seven Saints - St. Cyril, St. Methodius, St. Klement and St. Naum. The accent falls on countries like Bulgaria, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, Turkeу and others. Scientific, as well as festivе manifestations are being reviewed during the anniversary years 1963, 1966 and 1969, and different scientific meetings, conferences and simposiums, which show the cult in new light. On one hand the article takes into account the scientific achievements from the middle of the 19th century until 1945, and on the other - after the Second World War. Known facts and hypotheses are being ideologized or moved aside, so that the new political landmarks can be emphasized. During these scientific forums Bulgaria was considered as a bridge between the East and the West.

scholarly journals Served on a Plate: A Late Medieval Ceramic Vessel with Sgraffito Decoration of a Sailing Ship from the Ropotamo Underwater Excavations, Black Sea, Bulgaria

Heritage ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-191
Author(s):  
Dragomir Garbov ◽  
Kroum Batchvarov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Maritime Culture ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Sailing Ship

We report on the interpretation of a late medieval Eastern Mediterranean glazed ceramic vessel with sgraffito decoration depicting a sailing ship. The artefact represents a chance find that was recovered outside the excavation area of the Ropotamo underwater archaeological excavations on the Southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in 2017. Fragments of late medieval sgraffito-decorated ceramics with depictions of sailing ships are rare. Complete examples can be considered exceptional. The Ropotamo artefact is of particular interest due to the freehand execution of its decoration, which suggests some understanding of contemporary ship proportions and seafaring practices on behalf of the artisan. The specimen is analyzed against similar artefacts and discussed in the context of maritime graffiti from the Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean regions. The aim is to establish its potential for studying archaeological ceramics and evaluate the extent to which the decoration reflects aspects of Eastern Mediterranean maritime culture of the late Byzantine and early post-Byzantine periods. More research is required to appreciate the full potential of the Ropotamo artefact. A hypothesis for origin, dating and significance has been proposed. However, due to a shortage of published parallels, it may be subject to further refinements in the future in case more stratified similis are identified.

scholarly journals Cartographic methods for solving historical and geographical problems (on the example of multiscale research of Europe, mediterranean and North-Western Black Sea regions)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-281
Author(s):  
Andrey Herzen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Multiscale Approach ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
North Western

Numerous and multidimensional problems of the modern world have a self-evident, but not always obvious, geographical conditionality and spatial reflection, which are the objects of interest of specialists. At the same time, the geographical approach to understanding the global problems of humanity and their multiscale nature is inseparable from the historical approach, and historic-geographical research is an integral factor in a comprehensive scientific search. This approach allows us to represent historic-geographical landscapes as integral natural and anthropogenic geosystems, to understand their structure and patterns of development. A comprehensive historic-geographical search integrates the knowledge gained in various scientific fields, and provides the basis for further geographical, historical, ethnographic, cultural and other scientific and practical research. Cartographic methods serve as the cornerstone of the historic-geographical approach, the application of which within the framework of complex research allows us to solve important scientific problems and find reliable answers to numerous questions that arise when systematizing knowledge about the natural and cultural heritage. Comprehensive studies based on this multiscale approach were carried out at the macro-regional level as part of a special geographical and cultural analysis of the Mediterranean-Black Sea region (high-precision mapping and generalization, determining the place of the Black Sea in the framework of the Great Mediterranean), toponymic surveys (transferred geographical names within Central, Eastern Europe and the Balkans), in the North-Western Black Sea region — at the meso- and micro-regional level — for the historic-geographical landscape of the Middle Dniester, characterized by weak urbanization processes, but extremely high concentration of monuments of natural and cultural heritage, the formation of which is due to both the border and the connecting role of the river (interdisciplinary studies of unique architectural monuments in Rashkov, Vad-Rashkov, Vasilkov, etc.), as well as for the urbanized central part of Moldavia (the reconstruction of the historic-geographical landscape of medieval Kishinev based on the use of a combination of traditional and innovative methods, which allowed to identify the location of medieval fortifications and their influence on the existing buildings).

The Arrival of the Romans

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-73
Author(s):  
Duane W. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Sea Coast

Mithridates II was succeeded by his ephemeral son, Mithridates III, and then by 220 BC his son, Pharnakes I, was on the throne. He was a powerful and aggressive monarch who ruled for over thirty years and greatly expanded the territorial extent of the kingdom. He lived in an era of great change in the Hellenistic world, as the Romans began to become involved in the destinies of the eastern Mediterranean states: Pharnakes reached out to the Romans in the 180s BC concerning territorial disputes in Asia Minor. He engaged in war with his powerful neighbor to the west, Pergamon, but was forced to sign a peace treaty not to his advantage. Yet he expanded Pontic territory along the Black Sea coast and made several alliances with the Greek cities on the northern and western coast of the sea, especially in the kingdom of Bosporos (modern Crimea).

scholarly journals Huns and their role in the appearance on the west of Ukrainian Forest steppe of “complexes of prestidge”: glassworking workshop in Komariv and hoards in Volhynian upland

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Mykola Bandrivskyi
Keyword(s):  
Small Region ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The West ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Aesthetic Preferences

Results of the most recent archeological studies of the glassmaking workshop in Komariv in Northern Bukovina are considered. In particular the problem of its dating and probable production and functional aspects are examined. Based on the analysis of well-dated materials revised recently by Olga Rumyantseva (2017), the author offers to raise the upper chronological boundary of Komariv to the turn of the IV–V centuries with great probability – to the first decades of V century. And taken into account that the workshop in Komariv worked 6 –7, for a maximum of 10 years, the issue of the upper date is particularly important, since it may belong to a period when the classical Chernyakhiv complexes no longer existed. It has been suggested that the appearance of the Komariv phenomenon was greatly influenced by the activity of the incoming Huns or Huns-Alans elite from which administration of the regions was recruited. Assumption was made that, for it (Huns or Huns-Alans elite), craftsmen of Komariv glasswork complex, previously trained in the imperial centers, tried to recreate one of the most representative features of provincial-Roman life in these northern Bukovina lands – thin-walled glassy, particularly multicolored and often splendidly decorated vessels, shape of which witnessed about refined taste, high aesthetic preferences and financial capability of the owner. Taking into account the movements of tribes in the mid – second half of 370-th, it was suggested that the elite, most effective in combat units of the Huns-Alans then passed from the Black Sea region along the Podillia and reached the Volhynian Upland, where in a small region – most of the hoards of the beginning of V century: Borochytskyi, Branivskyi, Kachynskyi and others are concentrated. And there, probably, their headquarter could be situated till the time of its transfer to Pannonia. In the conclusions, special attention is paid to the fact that between the short-term functioning of the glass-making workshop in Komariv (according to the author: not earlier than the turn of IV–V – first decades of V century) and the appearance at the Volhynian Upland of Borochytskyi, Branivskyi, Kachynskyi and other hoards and finds of such type, there may be a cause-and-effect relations. Key words: Komariv, glassmaking workshop, Huns, Huns-Alans, hoards of Volhynian Upland.

scholarly journals Russian Military Opportunities in the Context of Ukrainian Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
A. A. Krivopalov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Rapid Deployment

The crisis in the Ukraine not only has maximally escalated the relations among Russia, Europe and the USA but also brought Moscow to the brink of direct military conflict with Kiev. In the context of the civil war outbroken in the Ukraine an opportunity to confirm its demands in the sphere of foreign policy by open force is vital for Russia. However, the nature of two level Ukrainian conflict is such that a direct military confrontation is still possible either between Novorossiya and Ukraine or between Ukraine and Russia if the latter makes a decision to support Donbass at a critical moment. But a conflict is impossible between Russia and NATO because an outbreak of an open war will be prevented by the existing strategic nuclear balance. The presence of a nuclear factor makes military demonstration the most rigid form for confirmation of the demands in the sphere of foreign policy by the conflicting parties. Its most possible scenario is a frontal extension of the Russian ground forces deployed on the Ukrainian border to the west even to the Dnieper line and the border with the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic in the Black Sea region. The article sequentially discusses the he strengths and weaknesses of the group of Russian troops on the Ukrainian border, then - the opportunities of the USA and NATO to organize an air bridge to disrupt a possible a possible extension of the Russian troops to the west. The author makes a conclusion that the first units of the rapid deployment forces could arrive to the area near Kiev not earlier than 10-15 hours. Full deployment of the US expeditionary brigade may take from 14 to 18 days. Such a period seems to be excessive. Two-week cushion of time will allow the Russian military to perform all the tasks in the Levoberezhnaya (leftbank) Ukraine while the US troops at the best case will manage to protect the Ukrainian capital. In the nearest time, NATO will tackle obvious difficulties in all the issues related to the projection of force to the South East of the Ukraine. However, in the future in the course of the development of military infrastructure and accumulation of forces this advantage of Russia will be decreasing.

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