Prosodic Unit, Recursive Structure, and Nature of Accent in Miyako Ryukyuan

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-83
Author(s):  
Akiko Matsumori
Keyword(s):  
Pivotal Role ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Recursive Structure ◽  
Representative Case ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Recursive Structures ◽  
Low Tone

Abstract Focusing on the three-pattern accentual systems in Uechi, a dialect of the Miyako archipelago, this paper argues that the prosodic category PWd plays a pivotal role, in addition to the mora, as basic prosodic unit required to calculate accent placement. The paper also shows that prosodic conditions that bring about neutralizations of tonal patterns in Uechi can be fully accounted for by making use of PWd, in addition to postulating that the PWds consist of recursive structures. It then reports, focusing on the dialect of Tarama island in the same Miyako archipelago, a representative case of tonal alternations occurring at the sentence level, in which the odd numbered (1st, 3rd, etc.) accents in a sentence change High tone to Low tone, while the even numbered (2nd, 4th, etc.) change Low tone to High tone. The discovery of such unique types of pitch realization in the prosodic systems in this area should make an important contribution to typological studies of prosodic systems of Japanese, as well as of other languages.

scholarly journals Babanki verb tone

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-26
Author(s):  
Pius W. Akumbu
Keyword(s):  
High Tone ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Grassfields Bantu ◽  
Phonological Rule ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Low Tone ◽  
Tonal System

In Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of northwestern Cameroon, several tonal patterns can be found on a single verb root depending on the construction in which the verb is used. An underlying high tone may surface normally as high, but unexpectedly as low, or high-falling; while underlying low tones surface as high, high-falling, or normally as low. For this reason the low tone verb can have a L(L), HL, or even H(H) surface melody while the high tone verbs can be L(H), HL, or H(H). Accounting for these melodies in order to reconstruct the underlying forms is necessary for a proper understanding of the Babanki verb tone in particular and the tonal system of Centre Ring Grassfields Bantu languages in general. This paper demonstrates that five tone rules (Downstep, Tone Docking, High Tone Spread, Low Tone Spread, and Upstep) and one phonological rule (Schwa Insertion) are required to account for the complex tonal system of Babanki verbs.

scholarly journals Analysis of Angklung Sound Intensity as a Acoustic Instrument

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizka Silviana Hartanti ◽  
Budi Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Sound Level Meter ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Constant Distance ◽  
Low Tone ◽  
Level Meter

<p style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this study was to analysis of angklung sound intensity. The research method is using angklung musician 2 octaves. Each consists of two tube tone that sounded from the tone of G to G ', length and diameter of the tube every tone becomes independent variable, while intensity of the sound produced becomes dependent variable. Sound intensity is measured using a Sound Level Meter is placed with a constant distance. The result showed that G tone was a low tone which had a frequency of 49.5 Hz, first tube had 21.6 cm length and 4.1 cm diameter, second tube had 10.1 cm length and 3.4 cm diameter produced the sound intensity of 90.7 dB. G’ tone was a high tone which had a frequency of 99 Hz, first tube had 10 cm length and 3 cm diameter, second tube had 5.5 cm length and 2.1 cm diameter produced the sound intensity of 99.1 dB. It can be concluded that the higher the frequency, the greater the intensity of the sound produced. The shorter tube length and the smaller tube diameter, the greater the intensity of the sound. ©2016 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.</p>

scholarly journals Lexical tone contrast in Izon as ubiquitous floating tone

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Rolle
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Low Tone

This paper establishes the lexical tone contrasts in the Nigerian language Izon, focusing on evidence for floating tone. Many tonal languages show effects of floating tone, though typically in a restricted way, such as occurring with only a minority of morphemes, or restricted to certain grammatical environments. For Izon, the claim here is that all lexical items sponsor floating tone, making it ubiquitous across the lexicon and as common as pre-associated tone. The motivation for floating tone comes from the tonal patterns of morphemes in isolation and within tone groups. Based on these patterns, all lexical morphemes are placed into one of four tone classes defined according to which floating tones they end in. This paper provides extensive empirical support for this analysis and discusses several issues which emerge under ubiquitous floating tone. Issues include the principled allowance of OCP(T) violations, and the propensity for word-initial vowels and low tone to coincide.

scholarly journals Focus Prosody Varies by Phrase-Initial Tones in Seoul Korean: Production, Perception, and Automatic Classification

Languages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Yong-cheol Lee ◽  
Sunghye Cho
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Classification ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Identification Rate ◽  
General Performance ◽  
Focus Effect ◽  
Low Tone ◽  
Prosodic Focus

Production and perception experiments were conducted to examine whether focus prosody varies by phrase-initial tones in Seoul Korean. We also trained an automatic classifier to locate prosodic focus within a sentence. Overall, focus prosody in Seoul Korean was weak and confusing in production, and poorly identified in perception. However, Seoul Korean’s focus prosody differed between phrase-initial low and high tones. The low tone group induced a smaller pitch increase by focus than the high tone group. The low tone group was also subject to a greater degree of confusion, although both tone groups showed some degree of confusion spanning the entire phrase as a focus effect. The identification rate was, therefore, approximately half in the low tone group (23.5%) compared to the high tone group (40%). In machine classification, the high tone group was also more accurately identified (high: 86% vs. low: 68%) when trained separately, and the machine’s general performance when the two tone groups were trained together was much superior to the human’s (machine: 65% vs. human: 32%). Although the focus prosody in Seoul Korean was weak and confusing, the identification rate of focus was higher under certain circumstances, which avers that focus prosody can vary within a single language.

Physiological variations in canine gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (2) ◽  
pp. G229-G237 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Azpiroz ◽  
J. R. Malagelada
Keyword(s):  
Constant Pressure ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Gastric Accommodation ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Gastric Tone ◽  
Low Tone ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Physiological Variations

Gastric tone may mediate gastric accommodation and emptying; however, it cannot be recorded by manometric methods. We have developed an electronic barostat that maintains a constant pressure (2 mmHg) within an air-filled bag and have validated the system in vitro and in vivo. In four conscious dogs, the bag was introduced orally into the stomach, and gastric tone was monitored from the barostat as variations in intrabag volume. Simultaneously, we recorded upper gut pressure activity by implanting manometric catheters. Studies were performed in fasting and fed (200-ml solid meal) dogs. The barostat system did not distort fasting motor activity. Intrabag volume correlated with manometrically measured fundic pressure activity. However, tonic changes undetected manometrically were clearly registered by the barostat. Meal induced marked changes in gastric tone. A receptive relaxation during feeding was followed by a low-tone accommodation period. Later, the barostat registered a sustained high tone until the return of the fasting pattern. We conclude that the electronic barostat measures physiological variations in gastric tone that are not recorded by conventional systems.

Tone-dependent responses to acetylcholine in the feline pulmonary vascular bed

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 2002-2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Hyman ◽  
P. J. Kadowitz
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Base Line ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Vascular Bed ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Response ◽  
Steady Level ◽  
Low Tone ◽  
Type Receptor ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Bed

The effects of an increase in base-line tone on pulmonary vascular responses to acetylcholine were investigated in the pulmonary vascular bed of the intact-chest cat. Under conditions of controlled blood flow and constant left atrial pressure, intralobar injections of acetylcholine under low-tone base-line conditions increased lobar arterial pressure in a dose-related manner. When tone was increased moderately by alveolar hypoxia, acetylcholine elicited dose-dependent decreases in lobar arterial pressure, and at the highest dose studied, acetylcholine produced a biphasic response. When tone was raised to a high steady level with the prostaglandin analogue, U46619, acetylcholine elicited marked dose-related decreases in lobar arterial pressure. Atropine blocked both vasoconstrictor responses at low tone and vasodilator responses at high tone, whereas meclofenamate and BW 755C had no effect on responses to acetylcholine at low or high tone. The vasoconstrictor response at low tone was blocked by pirenzepine (20 and 50 micrograms/kg iv) but not gallamine (10 mg/kg iv). The vasodilator response at high tone was not blocked by pirenzepine (50 micrograms/kg iv) or gallamine or pancuronium (10 mg/kg iv). The present data support the concept that pulmonary vascular responses to acetylcholine are tone dependent and suggest that the vasoconstrictor response under low-tone conditions is mediated by a high-affinity muscarinic (M1)-type receptor. These data also suggest that vasodilator responses under high-tone conditions are mediated by muscarinic receptors that are neither M1 nor M2 low-affinity muscarinic-type receptor and that responses to acetylcholine are not dependent on the release of cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase products.

scholarly journals A tonal split in bound argument pronouns in Il-keeknyokie Maa

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Kent Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
High Tone ◽  
Low Tone

This paper describes and accounts for the tonal split between bound argument prefixes of Il-Keekonyokie Maa verbs with (apparently) High and Low tone. Data with the tonal split are given, followed by an analysis showing that the apparent High tone must be lexically unspecified for these prefixes. This analysis is required because a lexical High prefix tone in certain verbs would cause downstep, where down step is not observed. Neutralization of the tone split is then considered, with the data presented and accounted for by an analysis for each of the two verb root classes. The conclusion discusses the need for the apparent word initial High tone to be spread from the stem tone.

scholarly journals Negation in Languages: A Urhobo Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-443
Author(s):  
Iwuala, Zebulon Chukwudi ◽  
Imu, Famous Oghoghophia
Keyword(s):  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Orthographic Representation ◽  
Low Tone

This paper examines negation and types of tense negation in Urhobo. It also identifies negation marker(s) and the manner in which these negation marker(s) are used in sentences. Transformational generative grammar theory of analysis was used in the work. The aim of this study is to determine the syntactic characteristics of negation in Urhobo. The study shows that negative construction in the Urhobo language involves the doubling of the last vowel of the last word in sentences; or what may be called the lengthening of the last vowel of the lexical item in the sentence. Also, the low-high tone can do the same function as the lexical or grammatical tone. It was observed that negation is a natural phenomenon that cuts across Urhobo, and that the orthographic representation of the low tone, which is the copying of the final vowel, is written contiguously while other negative markers are written separately. It was also observed that Urhobo operates suffixation. Finally, the study work reveals ejo, je, odie and and oyen as negative markers in Urhobo.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document