Wellenausbreitung in einem offenen thermodynamischen System zeitlich veränderlicher Gesamtenergie / Wave Propagation in an open Thermodynamic System with Time Variation of the Total Energy

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-735
Author(s):  
H.-D. Freund ◽  
G. Locke
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Acoustic Velocity ◽  
Wave System ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Phase Step ◽  
Wave Characteristics ◽  
Time Averages ◽  
Absorption And Dispersion ◽  
Open Thermodynamic System

The absorption and dispersion of sound due to dissipative phenomena such as diffusion, heat conduction and viscous flow have been investigated by Herzfeld, Litovitz and others. Whereas in these studies the total energy of the carrier system remains constant, we consider the case that it is changing. It turnes out that the wavelength X remains constant, while all other wave characteristics become time depend and can be connected with the usual sound velocity of the carrier system ..The change in energy density takes place via the potential energy. Thus the original balance between potential and kinetic energy is disturbed. Modulation vibrations of the wave amplitudes around the time averages arise. In addition dephasing of the pressure and density components with respect to the acoustic velocity takes place. The phasevelocities are disturbed too. They differ from time dependence of c(t).These differences are running asymptotically towards zero, i. e. after a longer period of time a phase step remains of the total wave system. This phase step is negative for increasing energy of the carrier system and positive for decreasing energy. The value of the phase step is proportional to the wavelength λ, i. e. systems of this kind show dispersion.

A Discussion on natural strain and geological structure - The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets

1976 ◽  
Vol 283 (1312) ◽  
pp. 289-312 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Thrust Sheet ◽  
Frictional Sliding ◽  
Discrete Surfaces

The total energy involved in emplacing a thrust sheet is expended in initiation and growth of the thrust surface, slip along this surface, and deformation within the main mass of the sheet. This total energy can be determined from potential energy considerations knowing the initial and final geometry from balanced cross sections after defining the thrust’s thermodynamic system boundaries. Emplacement of the McConnell thrust in the Canadian Rockies involved ca. 1019 J of gravitational work, an order of magnitude greater than any possible work by longitudinal compressive surface forces. A new theory for the initiation and growth of thrusts as ductile fractures is based on a demonstration that thrust displacement is linearly related to thrust map length and that fold complexes at the ends of thrusts are constant in size for a given metamorphic grade. Much of the total work is dissipated within the body of the sheet. Field observations show which mechanisms of dissipation are most important at various positions within the thrust sheet, and it is found that only the top 5 km of the McConnell was dominated by frictional sliding. A novel type of sliding along discrete surfaces is pressure solution slip, in which obstacles are by-passed by diffusive mass transfer. Fibres and pressure solution grooves are diagnostic features of this sliding law, in which slip velocity is linearly related to shear stress. Pressure solution slip is widespread at depths greater than about 5 km, but at this depth penetrative whole rock deformation by pressure solution becomes dominant - marked by cleavage and stretching directions - and accounts for much of the finite strain within the thrust sheet. The McConnell thrust has an outer layer which deformed by frictional sliding and this overlies a massive linearly viscous core responsible for much of the energy dissipation and gross mechanical behaviour.

scholarly journals Master Program in Physical Cardiochemistry

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Anaclet B. Kunyima ◽  
Séraphin N. Lusamba ◽  
Papy K. Kunyima
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Master Program ◽  
Energy Quantization ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Circulation Distribution

Background: The heart acting analysis leads to necessity of total energy quantization needful for its life from the cellular metabolism (Keith Flack node). This energy is mainly distributed to make possible the cardiac muscle acting (Electrocardiogram) and to circulate the blood in aorta to be ultimately poured out the small circulation in upstream of general circulation, distribution obeying Lusamba diagram. A model has been elaborated to choose a thermodynamic system (KUNYIMA Chart) on which the needful energy of blood flow has been assessed. It stays to quantify the vital energy for the electrification of cardiac muscle (ECG) in order to have a definitive idea on total energy from Keith Flack node. Each heart failure demands energetic knowledge of Keith Flack node and the energetic repartition of ventricles shrinkages. Aim and Objective: Presentation master program in cardiochemistry (new discipline) and Lusamba diagram to scientific world. Methodology: Observation, documentary research and calculations have been used. Results: Physico-chemical and thermoexergetic grounds of heart acting have been published elsewhere and allowed thus to conceive this program. Conclusion: Physical Cardiochemistry (PCC) is therefore a set of physico-chemical and thermoexergetic grounds of heart acting. It backs up the bio-medical sciences and helps in one sense to the comprehension of certain energetic phenomena occurring in the cardiac system. Therefore, this large knowledge will help physicians to efficient prescriptions for an effective energetic and appropriate supplying. It is supposed evidently that future cardiac healing will essentially be energetic.

scholarly journals Investigation of the dissipative structures following microseismic diffusion during hydraulic fracturing of methane-hydrate-bearing sand

2021 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
Victor Nazimko ◽  
Olga Pidgurna ◽  
Olexiy Kusen
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Explicit Calculation ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Liquid Injection ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Hydrate Deposit ◽  
Open Thermodynamic System

Hydraulic fracturing is a prospective technology for methane hydrate deposit exploitation. The evolution of hydraulically stimulated fractures around the point of liquid injection is simulated. For this purpose, the FLAC3D computer model is used because of its explicit calculation cycle that imitates real physics, prevents numerical instability, and reproduces a realistic path during simulation of the nonlinear rock massif behavior. The results of the simulation provide for new findings, namely, the spatial asymmetry and synchronism violation, spatial deviation, discontinuity, and recurrence during microseismic diffusion, which follow the process of hydraulic fracturing. In addition, dissipative structures were developed due to entropy production, since gas hydrate strata are an open thermodynamic system, which transforms and dissipates the energy of the injected liquid. The process of dissipative structure evolution should be controlled to enhance the gas yield from the hydrates.

scholarly journals Assessment of open thermodynamic system concepts for fluviokarst temperature calculations – an example, the Cent-Fonts resurgence (Hérault, France)

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Machetel ◽  
D. A. Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Implicit Methods ◽  
Dimensionless Numbers ◽  
Adiabatic Wall ◽  
Conservative Tracer ◽  
Relative Errors ◽  
The One ◽  
Open Thermodynamic System

Abstract. We propose to assess the error done when temperature is considered as a conservative tracer in fluviokarst studies. As a matter of fact, heat exchanges occur between karstic Conduit System (CS) and Porous Fractured Matrix (PFM) that prevents from using this approximation without caution. The conservative tracer approximation boils down to consider the cooling of CS water by PFM flow in an open thermodynamic system where the CS is bounded by an Adiabatic Wall (AW). The resulting CS water temperature contrasts with the one obtained from more complete models (CW), which also take into account heat conduction within the CS, within the PFM, and from the CS to PFM through CS a Conductive Wall. In order to assess first orders of this error, the dimensionless equations, characteristic of CS cooling by PFM, have been solved thanks to Alternate Finite Difference Implicit methods both in AW and CW configurations. Four groups of dimensionless numbers appear in the various terms of energy and mass equations among which the Peclet and Reynolds numbers depict the large morphologic and hydrologic variability of natural karstic systems. A parametric exploration of the differences between AW and CW models has then been conducted vs. Peclet numbers (Pe numbers varying from 106 to 109, at constant CS Reynolds number) and vs. Reynolds numbers (Red varying from 103 to 107, at constant Peclet number). The error curves bound finite volumes in the Peclet–Reynolds space that converge uniformly to zero for the extreme values of these parameters. However, for Peclet and Reynolds numbers characteristic of realistic fluviokarst configurations, the errors reach finite values, that give first order information assessing the error done by considering temperatures as conservative tracers. Maximum relative errors around 10−2 (in fact 0.0092) have been found varying Pe; while it remained slightly lower than 0.7 × 10−2 varying Red. An illustrative example of the temperature conservative tracer AW approximation is presented with the data obtained from the main morphologic and hydrologic properties of the Cent–Font resurgence (Hérault, France). According to the results, the error reached at the output of the fluviokarst is 0.00613 (for Pe = 1.4993 × 108 and Red = 4.2969 × 104). When rescaled to the physical domain, this error leads to a temperature difference of 1.77 K between the CW and AW configurations.

Energy flow in organisms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Open Thermodynamic System

An organism is an open thermodynamic system exchanging both energy and materials with its environment. Organisms exchange energy with their environment by radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation of water. The relative importance of these varies with the organism and its situation. Newton’s Law of Cooling is a simplification that is useful only for warm endotherms in a still, cool environment. For all other circumstances a full biophysical treatment is necessary. Flows of chemical potential energy can be captured by a balanced energy budget. A full description of the energy balance of an organism requires the coupling of a biophysical model of heat flow with an energy budget model. This combination provides a powerful tool for modelling the thermal and energetic niches of organisms, and to predict how these might change in the future.

scholarly journals Entropy change of open thermodynamic systems in self-organizing processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1425-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Entropy Change ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
State Approximation ◽  
Steady State Approximation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Open Thermodynamic System ◽  
Self Organizing

The thermodynamic models available in the literature predict that during self-organizing processes the entropy of a cell considered as an open thermodynamic system decreases. This prediction leads to conclusion that cell imports a certain amount of negative entropy and generates entropy during irreversible metabolic processes. The controversial concept of negentropy was criticized recently. In this research a new model was proposed that isn?t based on the steady state approximation and describes living systems more realistically. The analysis of the suggested model of an open thermodynamic system far from equilibrium, led to the conclusion that the entropy during self-organizing processes increases during growth (of a molecule or a cell). Using as models the synthesis of an oligopeptide and a growing hydrocarbon chain, it was shown that entropy of an open thermodynamic system increases during addition of monomers (a self-organizing process). A derived equation confirms the results obtained by calculations with literature experimental values of molar entropy. The decrease of entropy observed in self-organizing processes occurred only during phase transition.

scholarly journals Biology and Demography of Creative Potential

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kholmanskiy
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Logistic Equation ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
System Equilibrium ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
North And South ◽  
Open Thermodynamic System

The creative potential of homo sapiens is the biological basis of his spirituality. To take into account factor of spirituality in analysis of global problems of demography and ecology used analogies of chemical kinetics. Stable in the historical time, population of people was modeled by open thermodynamic system, equilibrium state of which depends on climate and geophysics. The demography of creative potential was divided into two geographical zones - north and south. Process of society sapientation was formalized by introducing into logistic equation of Verhulst, in addition to a couple of parents, at least one more teacher from among educated people. Stationary solution of the modified kinetic equations determines optimal demography for sustainable development of population in accordance with its education index. The solution of the demographic, energy and environmental problems of mankind is determined by the level of world creative potential, the growth of which is currently limited by the consumption paradigm.

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