Biosynthese von Carotinoiden bei Chlorella

1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedwig Claes
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Carotenoid Synthesis ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

One of the recently described mutant strains of chlorella (strain 5/520) accumulates -in the dark phytoene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene, protetrahydrolycopene and prolycopene and forms α- and β-carotene, xanthophylls and appreciable amounts of chlorophyll in light only 1, 2.The experiments described below indicate that1. O2 and light are indispensable for xanthophyll and appreciable chlorophyll synthesis. Both syntheses appear to be linked somehow.2. Carotene synthesis depends upon light but not on O2 and is not linked to xanthophyll synthesis.3. Carotenoid synthesis in light is always accompanied by a decrease of polyenes of the Porter-Lincoln sequence, which have been accumulated in the cells during previous cultivation in the dark. Evidence seems strong that these polyenes are direct precursors of the normal carotenoids.4. An as yet unidentified carotene is formed in appreciable amounts along with the normal carotenes in the light, probably as byproduct, not a precursor.

Analyse der biochemischen Synthesekette für Carotinoide mit Hilfe von Chlorella-Mutanten

1954 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedwig Claes
Keyword(s):  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Normal Strain ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
End Products ◽  
Carotenoid Synthesis ◽  
Yellow Pigments ◽  
Β Carotene

Four mutants of Chlorella vulgaris are described, which have been isolated after x-ray irradiation of the normal strain. They show blocks in the synthetic pathway of the carotenoids, along with a more or less completely blocked chlorophyll synthesis. The mixture of carotenoids formed by wild type chlorella either in light or in darkness contains mostly α- and /¿-carotene and xanthophylls (Fig. 1 a and b), whereas the mutants contain these pigments only in reduced amount or not at all. There appear instead several carotenoids of higher saturation, which are not found in wild type. Among them phytoene (Fig. 6), phytofluene (Fig. 7) and ζ-carotene (Fig. 8) were identified. Apparently they are piled up because they cannot be transformed into the ordinary end products of the synthetic chain.Mutant strain 5/871 synthesizes phytoene only. Neither phytofluene which is less saturated nor yellow pigments can be detected.The carotenoid mixture of strain 5/515 (Fig. 2) consists of phytoene, phytofluene and ζ- carotene. There is a complete block of xanthophyll synthesis.In strain 9 a xanthophylls are found (Fig. 5) but no α- or β-carotene or at least in minute amounts only. Instead the carotenoid mixture consists mostly of phytoene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene and one more carotenoid which was not yet identified. It has a maximum of absorption at 426 mμ.All mutants described so far have to be grown with glucose in darkness. They are killed by light. Another mutant strain (5/520) however was isolated which can be grown hetero- and autotrophically and shows striking differences in pigment formation depending on which condition was chosen (Fig. 3 a and 3 b). In the dark almost no chlorophyll and no xanthophylls, but phytoene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene and several unidentified carotenoids — among them possibly tetrahydrolycopene and lycopene — are produced. In the light strain 5/520 behaves like wild type with respect to chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis. This may indicate that an enzymatically catalyzed step characteristic of wild type and missing in the mutant can be replaced here by the action of light.

scholarly journals Combined Production of Astaxanthin and β-Carotene in a New Strain of the Microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus BM5/15 (IPPAS C-2045) Cultivated in Photobioreactor

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Konstantin Chekanov ◽  
Daniil Litvinov ◽  
Tatiana Fedorenko ◽  
Olga Chivkunova ◽  
Elena Lobakova
Keyword(s):  
Bubble Column ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Stage Scheme ◽  
Green Microalga ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Carotenoid Synthesis ◽  
Bubble Column Photobioreactor ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids astaxanthin and β-carotene are widely used natural antioxidants. They are key components of functional food, cosmetics, drugs and animal feeding. They hold leader positions on the world carotenoid market. In current work, we characterize the new strain of the green microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus BM5/15 and propose the method of its culturing in a bubble-column photobioreactor for simultaneous production of astaxanthin and β-carotene. Culture was monitored by light microscopy and pigment kinetics. Fatty acid profile was evaluated by tandem gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry. Pigments were obtained by the classical two-stage scheme of autotrophic cultivation. At the first, vegetative, stage biomass accumulation occurred. Maximum specific growth rate and culture productivity at this stage were 100–200 mg∙L−1∙day−1, and 0.33 day−1, respectively. At the second, inductive, stage carotenoid synthesis was promoted. Maximal carotenoid fraction in the biomass was 2.2–2.4%. Based on chromatography data, astaxanthin and β-carotene constituted 48 and 13% of total carotenoid mass, respectively. Possible pathways of astaxanthin synthesis are proposed based on carotenoid composition. Collectively, a new strain B. aggregatus BM5/15 is a potential biotechnological source of two natural antioxidants, astaxanthin and β-carotene. The results give the rise for further works on optimization of B. aggregatus cultivation on an industrial scale.

Effect of Aeration on the Production of Carotenoid Pigments by Rhodotorula rubra-lactobacillus casei Subsp. casei Co-Cultures in Whey Ultrafiltrate

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilina D. Simova ◽  
Ginka I. Frengova ◽  
Dora M. Beshkova
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Carotenoid Pigments ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Rhodotorula Rubra ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

Under intensive aeration (1.3 l/l min) the associated growth of Rhodotorula rubra GED2 and Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei in cheese whey ultrafiltrate (55 g lactose/l) proceeded effectively for both cultures with production of maximum carotenoids (12.4 mg/l culture fluid). For maximum amount of carotenoids synthesized in the cell, the yeast required more intensive aeration than the aeration needed for synthesis of maximum concentration of dry cells. Maximum concentration of carotenoids in the cell (0.49 mg/g dry cells) was registered with air flow rate at 1.3 l/l min, and of dry cells (27.0 g/l) at 1.0 l/l min. An important characteristic of carotenogenesis by Rhodotorula rubra GED2 + Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei was established - the intensive aeration (above 1.0 l/l min) stimulated β-carotene synthesis (60% of total carotenoids).

scholarly journals Genetic Stability Developed for β-Carotene Synthesis in BR29 Rice Line Using Dihaploid Homozygosity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e100212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karabi Datta ◽  
Gayetri Sahoo ◽  
Sellappan Krishnan ◽  
Moumita Ganguly ◽  
Swapan K. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Stability ◽  
Rice Line ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

scholarly journals Asexual Development Is Increased in Neurospora crassa cat-3-Null Mutant Strains

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaday Michán ◽  
Fernando Lledías ◽  
Wilhelm Hansberg
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Asexual Development ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Aerial Hyphae ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

ABSTRACT We use asexual development of Neurospora crassa as a model system with which to determine the causes of cell differentiation. Air exposure of a mycelial mat induces hyphal adhesion, and adherent hyphae grow aerial hyphae that, in turn, form conidia. Previous work indicated the development of a hyperoxidant state at the start of these morphogenetic transitions and a large increase in catalase activity during conidiation. Catalase 3 (CAT-3) increases at the end of exponential growth and is induced by different stress conditions. Here we analyzed the effects of cat-3-null strains on growth and asexual development. The lack of CAT-3 was not compensated by other catalases, even under oxidative stress conditions, and cat-3RIP colonies were sensitive to H2O2, indicating that wild-type (Wt) resistance to external H2O2 was due to CAT-3. cat-3RIP colonies grown in the dark produced high levels of carotenes as a consequence of oxidative stress. Light exacerbated oxidative stress and further increased carotene synthesis. In the cat-3RIP mutant strain, increased aeration in liquid cultures led to increased hyphal adhesion and protein oxidation. Compared to the Wt, the cat-3RIP mutant strain produced six times more aerial hyphae and conidia in air-exposed mycelial mats, as a result of longer and more densely packed aerial hyphae. Protein oxidation in colonies was threefold higher and showed more aerial hyphae and conidia in mutant strains than did the Wt. Results indicate that oxidative stress due to lack of CAT-3 induces carotene synthesis, hyphal adhesion, and more aerial hyphae and conidia.

scholarly journals Enhanced β-carotene production by promoting the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway in Yarrowia lipolytica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Shan Qiang ◽  
Ching Yuan Hu ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Multivesicular Body ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Complex Regulatory Network ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

Abstract Background: β-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A and has great commercial value as an additive in foods and feeds. Many pathways not directly related to the β-carotene synthesis affect β-carotene production since the interactions among metabolic fluxes of cells confer a complex regulatory network. Engineered Y. lipolytica strain has excellent potential for β-carotene production as oleaginous yeast. Optimizing indirectly metabolic pathways in Y. lipolytica may offer a new strategy for making the β-carotene production achieve a commercially viable yield.Results: In this study, we found that the proper promotion of the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway elevated the production of β-carotene by 1.58 fold when overexpressing one copy of the Did2 gene in Y. lipolytica. Through the measurement of ATP, NADPH, the mRNA, and protein level of key genes in the β-carotene synthesis pathway, the reason for β-carotene elevated was deuced that the protein level of the key enzymes (tHMG and CarA) was increased. When overexpressing two copies of the Did2 gene, the transcription level of the key genes was all elevated. However, the protein level of key enzymes in the β-carotene synthesis pathway was reduced compared with the overexpressing one copy of the Did2 gene, which resulted in reduced β-carotene content.Conclusion: This study suggests that the MVB sorting pathway is not responsible for sorting protein but has a crucial regulating effect on protein abundance in cells. Engineering the MVB sorting pathway could potentially increase the production of other high-value products. Moreover, manipulation of indirectly related metabolic pathways also is a critical strategy in synthetic biology research.

scholarly journals Enhancement of β-Carotene Synthesis by Citrus Products

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
Alex Ciegler ◽  
George E. N. Nelson ◽  
Harlow H. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Β Carotene ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

scholarly journals Enhancement of β-Carotene Synthesis by Citrus Products

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Ciegler ◽  
George E. N. Nelson ◽  
Harlow H. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Β Carotene ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

Chemical Regulation of Plastid Development. II.* Effect of CPTA on the Ultrastructure and Carotenoid Composition of Chromoplasts of Capsicum annuum Cultivars

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Simpson ◽  
FMM Rayman ◽  
KA Buckle ◽  
TH Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fibril Formation ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Chemical Regulation ◽  
Carotenoid Composition ◽  
Carotenoid Synthesis ◽  
Β Carotene

Electron microscopy of the fruit of three C. annuum cultivars, two with red fruit and one with yellow, showed that the chromoplasts of each cultivar contained fibrils, although carotenoid distribution of the red cultivars differed greatly from that of the yellow cultivar. The fibrils had a microfibrillar ultrastructure. The chloroplast-chromoplast transformation in C. annuum fruit as well as the carotenoid distribution were affected by 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)ethyldiethylammonium chloride (CPTA). The synthesis of capsanthin and capsorubin, which are responsible for the colour of the red cultivars, was inhibited. The level of β-carotene was reduced in all three cultivars, accompanied by the accumulation of lycopene, γ-carotene and neurosporene. Chromoplasts of CPTA-treated fruit lacked fibrils but contained plastoglobuli. The inhibition of fibril formation at an early stage was interpreted as evidence for the genesis of fibrils from plastoglobuli. It seems likely that fibril formation is under separate genetic control, independent of carotenoid synthesis. * Part I, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 1974, 1, 119–33.

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