Мікробіологічна та вірусологічна характеристика морської води Одеської затоки та акваторії острова Зміїний

Проведені комплексні мікробіологічні, вірусологічні, санітарно–екологічні та генетичні дослідження морської води Одеської затоки Чорного моря та акваторії острова Зміїний дозволили виявити мікробіологічне (умовно-патогенні, санітарно-показові бактерії, віруси) та хімічне (важкі метали, нафтопродукти, ПАР та інше) забруднення в контактній зоні моря. У морської води акваторії острова Зміїний як в прибережній зоні, так і на відстані 100 м від берега, незважаючи на сильний нагонний вітер та морське хвилювання, були виявлені патогенні для людини віруси гепатиту А і ротавірусу. Вперше з акваторії острова Зміїний виділено та ідентифіковано 7 видів дріжджів з 5 родів (Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aerobasidium pullulans, Candida albicans, Rhodotorula rubra, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodosporidium paludigenum). Домінування видів чорної та рожевої дріжджової мікробіоти є характерним для водних екосистем. Встановлено високий індекс таксономічної різноманітності - 10 родів домінуючих бактерій в морській воді Одеської затоки Чорного моря. Вперше було встановлено, що до складу домінуючих гетеротрофних бактерій входять представники малодослідженої групи ковзних бактерій, що беруть участь у процесах деструкції і мінералізації складних природних та синтетичних сполук в морському середовищі в умовах хронічного антропогенного забруднення, зокрема в акваторії Одеського заливу найбільш забрудненої побутовими стоками - в районі Дачі Ковалевського. Ліполітичні бактерії, здатні брати участь у процесах самоочищення морського середовища, виявлено в прибережній зоні о. Зміїний. Найбільша чисельність тіонових бактерій була зерєєстрована в районі Дачі Ковалевського - у місці із сильним антропогенним навантаженням по синтетичним поверхнево-активним речовинами, Сu(II), Ct(VI), Zn(II) та сезонно по нафтопродуктам. У бактеріальних тест-системах Salmonella typhimurium ТА100 та Salmonella typhimurium ТА98 встановлений генотиксичний та мутагенний потенціал забруднення морської води Одеського узбережжя та акваторії острову Зміїний.

Macrocystis pyrifera Extract Residual as Nutrient Source for the Production of Sophorolipids Compounds by Marine Yeast Rhodotorula rubra

Seaweed processing generates liquid fraction residual that could be used as a low-cost nutrient source for microbial production of metabolites. The Rhodotorula strain is able to produce antimicrobial compounds known as sophorolipids. Our aim was to evaluate sophorolipid production, with antibacterial activity, by marine Rhodotorula rubra using liquid fraction residual (LFR) from the brown seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera as the nutrient source. LFR having a composition of 32% w/w carbohydrate, 1% w/w lipids, 15% w/w protein and 52% w/w ash. The best culture condition for sophorolipid production was LFR 40% v/v, without yeast extract, artificial seawater 80% v/v at 15 °C by 3 growth days, with the antibacterial activity of 24.4 ± 3.1 % on Escherichia coli and 21.1 ± 3.8 % on Staphylococcus aureus. It was possible to identify mono-acetylated acidic and methyl ester acidic sophorolipid. These compounds possess potential as pathogen controllers for application in the food industry.

Mutation Effect of Chemical Mutagen Ethymthane sulfonate (EMS) on Some Local Yeasts

Thirty samples of orange juice were collected from local markets in Mosul / Iraq. Isolates were diagnosed after performing phenotypic, culture and biochemical tests. The results showed that the yeasts belong to the following species: Rhodotorula rubra 36%, Trichosporon asahii 16%, Cryptococcus laurentii 28%, and Candida tropicalis 20%. The susceptibility of isolates to six antibiotics Candizole (Cd), Clotrimazole (Ct), Fluconazole (Fc), Ketoconazole (Kc), Lamisil (Ls), and Nystatin (Nys) was studied. The results of the sensitivity test showed that R. rubra was resistant to all antibiotics used except for Lamisil (Ls). The rest of the yeasts varied among themselves in their resist antibiotics. The chemical mutagen Ethyl Methanesulfate (EMS) at a concentration of 0.2 mg / ml on the vitality of the yeasts showed that the highest effect in the yeast Crypto. laurentii, with the killing severity reaching 4.47% while the lowest effected yeast was Tricho. asahii, with killing severity reaching 72%.

Microscopic fungi of lithobiont communities of Argentine Islands Region: Data from the 22nd Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition

The identification of the diversity of microscopic fungi of lithobiont communities of the Argentine Islands in specimens collected during the 22nd Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition was the purpose of this work. Samples of rock, soil, mosses and lichens of rock micro-habitats of “Crustose lichen sub-formation and fruticose lichen and moss cushion sub-formation” were used in the work. These samples were used for extracting and cultivation of filamentous fungi on dense nutrient media. Determination of physiological and biochemical characteristics and identification of yeast-like fungi were performed using a microbiological analyser ‘Vitek-2’ (‘Bio Merieux’, France). Cultivation of microorganisms was carried out at temperatures from +2 to +37 °C. In results cultures of microscopic fungi of Zygomycota (Mucor circinelloides), Ascomycota (species of the genera cf. Tlielebolus, Talaromyces), representatives of the Anamorphic fungi group (Geomyces pannorum, species of the genera Alternaria, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium) were isolated from Antarctic samples. Microscopic fungi Penicillium spp. were dominated after the frequency in the studied samples (54.5%). Rhodotorula rubra and Candida sp. among isolated yeast fungi, and dark pigmented fungi represented by Aureobasidium pulhdans and Exophiala spp. were identified. The biological properties of a number of isolated fungi (the potential ability to synthesise important biologically active substances: melanins, carotenoids, lipids) are characterised. Mycobiota of rock communities of Argentine Islands is rich on filamentous and yeast fungi similarly to other regions of Antarctica. A number of fungi investigated are potentially able to synthesise biologically active substances. The dark pigmented species of the genera Cladosporium, Exophiala, Aureobasidium pulhdans, capable of melanin synthesis; ‘red’ yeast Rhodotorula rubra (carotenoid producers and resistant to toxic metals); Mucor circinelloides and Geomyces pannorum, lipid producers, are among these fungi. Yeast-like fungi assimilated a wide range of carbohydrates, which will allow them to be further used for cultivation in laboratory and process conditions. The collection of technologically promising strains of microorganisms, part of the Culture Collection of Fungi at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine), is updated with isolated species (strains) of filamentous fungi and yeast – potential producers of biologically active substances, obtained within this study.

Ocena oddziaływania na grzyby drożdżopodobne olejku szałwiowego (Oleum Salviae)

Introduction. The essential oils were known and used in ancient Times. The oil and extracts of sage are utilized in folk medicine and for food condiment, in cosmetics and perfumes. Sage (Salvia officinalis) belonging to the Labiatae family. Plant grow all over the world. Sage has a number of properties in it antiflogistic and antimicrobial. The oil is used for the treatment of different kind of diseases, including bronchitis, cough, arthritis, rheumatism, ulcers, inflammation of skin, alimentary tract and in Alzheimer’s disease. Etheric oil contain following compounds: α- and β-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-sabinene, limonene, α-humulene, myrcene, α-terpineol, viridiflorol and camphene. The chemical compounds of the oil have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Aim. The aim of the dates was to evaluate the susceptibility of yeastlike fungi to sage. Material and methods. A total 30 strains of yeastlike fungi isolated from patients with oral candidosis was tested. The strains were identified with system API 20 C AUX (BioMèrieux), production chlamydospore and pseudohyphe. The susceptibility (MIC) yeastlike fungi to sage oil was determined by means plate dilution technique in Sabouraud’s agar. The suspension contained 105 CFU per spot were spread Steers replicator over the surface of agar containing oil or without sage agar plates (strains growth control). Inoculated agar plates were incubated in aerobic conditions at 37°C for 24-48 hrs. The MIC was defined as a lowest concentration of the oil inhibited growth of fungal strains. Results. The results indicated that the sage oil was active against yeastlike fungi in concentrations 0.5-≥ 2.0 mg/ml. The MIC for 66% strains from genus Candida albicans ≥ 2.0 mg/ml. Similarly C. krusei strains were susceptible in range 0.5-≥ 2.0 mg/ml. The oil was less active towards C. glabrata and C. tropicalis strains (MIC 1.0-≥ 2.0 mg/ml). The most susceptible were the strains from genus of C. parapsilosis. The growth was inhibited within the range from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/ml. The strain from genus of Rhodotorula rubra was susceptible on 0.12-0.5 mg/ml and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on 0.25 mg/ml. Conclusions. Sage oil showed antifungal activity. The more susceptible to oil were the strains of Candida parapsilosis, Rhodotorula rubra and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oil was less active toward strains Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Geotrichum candidum.

Rhodotorula glutinis y R. Rubra: agentes de micosis oportunistas en el hombre

Las levaduras del género Rhodotorula son patógenas potenciales para el hombre cuando este presenta las condiciones de terreno propicias para las micosis oportunistas. El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de informar el aislamiento en cultivos puros y reiterados de estas levaduras en materiales clínicos de pacientes inmunocomprometidos.De 280 muestras clínicas diversas se aislaron 4 cepas correspondientes a Rhodotorula rubra y 1 a R. glutinis.Es posible relacionar la presencia de Rhodotorula con acción patógena en los materiales clínicos estudiados en pacientes con severo compromiso renal.