Lipids in the Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Schreiber’s Green Lizards, Lacerta schreiberi

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar López ◽  
José Martín
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Scent Marks ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Femoral Glands ◽  
Intraspecific Communication ◽  
Femoral Gland Secretions

AbstractIn spite of the importance of chemoreception and chemical signals in social organization of lizards, only a few studies have examined the chemical composition of secretions that lizards use for intraspecific communication. The secretion of the femoral glands of male Schreiber’s green lizards (Lacerta schreiberi) contains 51 lipophilic compounds, including several steroids, α-tocopherol, n-C9 to n-C22 carboxylic acids and their esteres, and minor components such as alcohols between C12 and C24, two lactones, two ketones, and squalene. These compounds were identified on the basis of mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS. We compared these chemicals with those found in other lizard species, and discussed how environmental conditions could explain the differential presence of chemicals in different lizards. Particularly, the high abundance of α-tocopherol in this lizard is suggested to contribute to avoid oxidation of other lipids in secretions, increasing chemical stability of scent marks in the humid conditions of its habitat.

Age Related Differences in Lipophilic Compounds Found in Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Spiny-footed Lizards, Acanthodactylus erythrurus

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 915-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar López ◽  
José Martín
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Femoral Glands ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Esters Of Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Intraspecific Communication ◽  
Femoral Gland Secretions ◽  
First Time

Although chemoreception plays an important role in social organization of many lizards, only a few studies have examined the chemicals found in secretions used for intraspecific communication. We report the composition of the secretion of the femoral glands of males of the spiny-footed lizard (Acanthodactylus erythrurus). On the basis of mass spectra, obtained by GC/MS, we identified 45 lipophilic compounds, including several alcohols ranging from 10 to 29 carbon atoms (mainly hexacosanol and tetracosanol), steroids (mainly cholesterol and dehydrocholesterol), n-C9 to n-C20 carboxylic acids, esters of carboxylic acids, and minor components such as lactones, ketones, squalene and α-tocopherol. Some of these compounds are reported for the first time in lizards. Adult and subadult males differed in the composition of secretions, with C9 to C15 carboxylic acids being more abundant in younger than in older lizards, whereas C16 to C20 carboxylic acids were more abundant in older lizards. Also, older lizards had significant lower proportions of cholesterol and campesterol but higher proportions of dehydrocholesterol.

Chemical Compounds from Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Iberian Rock Lizards, Lacerta monticola cyreni

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar López ◽  
José Martín
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Esters Of Carboxylic Acids ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Interindividual Variability ◽  
Femoral Gland Secretions

In spite of the importance of chemoreception and chemical signals in the social organization of lizards, there are only a few studies examining the chemical composition of secretions of lizards used for scent marking. The secretion of the femoral glands of male Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola cyreni) contains 44 lipophilic compounds, including several steroids (mainly cholesterol), and n-C6 to n-C22 carboxylic acids, and minor components such as esters of carboxylic acids, alcohols, squalene, and one lactone. These compounds were identified on the basis of mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS. Most lipids were detected in all individuals, although relative proportions of each chemical show a high interindividual variability. This variability might be related to the characteristics or physical and health condition of males and might be the basis of female choice based on chemical cues observed in this lizard species.

Lipophilic Compounds from the Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Hungarian Green Lizards, Lacerta viridis

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Kopena ◽  
Pilar López ◽  
José Martín
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Sexual Signals ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Lacerta Viridis ◽  
Femoral Gland Secretions

In spite of the importance of chemical signals (pheromones) in the reproductive behaviour of lizards, only a few studies have examined the role of specific chemical compounds as sexual signals. The secreted chemicals vary widely between species but whether this variation reflects phylogenetic or environmental differences remains unclear. Based on mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS, we found 40 lipophilic compounds in femoral gland secretions of male green lizards (Lacerta viridis), including several steroids, α-tocopherol, and esters of n-C16 to n-C20 carboxylic acids, and minor components such as alcohols between C12 and C20, squalene, three lactones and one ketone. We compared these chemicals with those previously found in other closely related green lizard species, and discussed how phylogenetical differences and/or environmental conditions could be responsible for the differential presence of chemicals in different lizard species.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents of the Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Tegu Lizards (Tupinambis merianae) (Family Teiidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Martína ◽  
Silvia Chamut ◽  
Mario E. Manes ◽  
Pilar López
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Sexual Signals ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Tupinambis Merianae ◽  
Femoral Gland Secretions ◽  
Octadecadienoic Acids ◽  
Very High

In spite of the importance of chemical signals (pheromones) in the reproductive behaviour of lizards, the chemical compounds secreted by their femoral glands, which may be used as sexual signals, are only known for a few lizard species. Based on mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS, we found 49 lipophilic compounds in femoral gland secretions of male tegu lizards (Tupinambis merianae) (fam. Teiidae), including a very high proportion of carboxylic acids and their esters ranging between n-C8 and n-C20 (mainly octadecanoic and 9,12-octadecadienoic acids), with much less proportions of steroids, tocopherol, aldehydes, and squalene. We discuss the potential function of these compounds in secretions, and compare the compounds found here with those documented for other lizard species.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of the lipids in femoral gland secretions of wild male tegu lizards, Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae) in comparison with captive-bred males

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Carolina N. Ramiro ◽  
José Martín ◽  
Pedro Ismael da Silva Junior ◽  
Hugo B. A. Pinto ◽  
Arnaldo José C. Magalhães Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Femoral Gland Secretions ◽  
Femoral Secretions

AbstractAlthough chemical interactions play an essential role in lizard social behavior, the chemical composition of the femoral gland secretions that many lizards use for communication is known for only a few species, mainly European Lacertids. The tegu lizard, Salvator merianae, is the only species of the Teiidae family for which there is available information on lipids in femoral secretions, but only for captive bred males from Argentina. Here, based on mass spectra obtained by GC-MS, we found 69 lipophilic compounds in femoral gland secretions of wild males S. merianae from Brazil, including cholesterol and high amounts of saturated fatty acids (mainly hexadecanoic and octadecanoic). We found contrasting differences between wild and captive-bred males, which lack cholesterol but present high amount of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. These within-species differences between wild and captive lizards strongly suggest the important influence of different diets on the chemical composition of the femoral gland secretion and suggest caution when interpreting results from captive animals, even in the same species.

scholarly journals Chemical Compounds from the Preanal Gland Secretions of the Male Tree Agama (Acanthocercus atricollis) (Fam. Agamidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
José Martín ◽  
Jesús Ortega ◽  
Pilar López
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Sexual Signals ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Male Tree ◽  
Octadecenoic Acids ◽  
Minor Compounds

Chemical signals have an important role in the reproductive behaviour of many lizards. However, the compounds secreted by their femoral or preanal glands, which may be used as sexual signals, are mainly known for lizard species within the Scleroglossa clade, whereas compounds in secretions of lizards within the Iguania clade are much less studied. Based on mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS, we found 60 lipophilic compounds in preanal gland secretions of the male tree agama (Acanthocercus atricollis) (fam. Agamidae), including steroids (mainly cholesterol, cholest-3-ene, and some of their derivatives), fatty acids ranging between n-C12 and n-C18 (mainly hexadecanoic and octadecenoic acids), ketones from n-C17 to n-C25, and other minor compounds, such as tocopherol, squalene, waxy esters, and furanones. We compare the compounds found with those present in other lizard species and discuss their potential function in social behaviour

scholarly journals Fruit Seeds as Sources of Bioactive Compounds: Sustainable Production of High Value-Added Ingredients from By-Products within Circular Economy

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidelis ◽  
Moura ◽  
Kabbas Junior ◽  
Pap ◽  
Mattila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds

The circular economy is an umbrella concept that applies different mechanisms aiming to minimize waste generation, thus decoupling economic growth from natural resources. Each year, an estimated one-third of all food produced is wasted; this is equivalent to 1.3 billion tons of food, which is worth around US$1 trillion or even $2.6 trillion when social and economic costs are included. In the fruit and vegetable sector, 45% of the total produced amount is lost in the production (post-harvest, processing, and distribution) and consumption chains. Therefore, it is necessary to find new technological and environmentally friendly solutions to utilize fruit wastes as new raw materials to develop and scale up the production of high value-added products and ingredients. Considering that the production and consumption of fruits has increased in the last years and following the need to find the sustainable use of different fruit side streams, this work aimed to describe the chemical composition and bioactivity of different fruit seeds consumed worldwide. A comprehensive focus is given on the extraction techniques of water-soluble and lipophilic compounds and in vitro/in vivo functionalities, and the link between chemical composition and observed activity is holistically explained.

COTTONWEED MARSH (MARSH). CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
V. Platonov ◽  
V. Dunaev ◽  
G. Suhih ◽  
M. Shatskiy ◽  
M. Volochaeva
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Structural Group ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Structural Formulas ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sulfur Containing

For the first time, a detailed study of the chemical composition of ethanol extract of dried marsh (swamp), a product obtained after preliminary exhaustive last ex-traction with n-hexane, toluene, chloroform and acetone was performed. Chromatography-mass spectrometry made it possible to identify 119 individual compounds in this extract with the determination of their quantitative content, mass spectra and structural formulas, and the calculation of the structural-group composition was performed. A characteristic feature of the extract is the presence of significant amounts of nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds (20.04), esters (21.47), sterols (18.54), carboxylic acids (8.15) and hydrocarbons (7.15) (wt. % of the extract). In addition, the extract contains phenols, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and glycosides: 5.01; 4.34; 4.88; 3.16 and 3.12 (wt. % of the extract), respectively. Dominance in the extract of nitrogen-sulfur-containing and compounds; environment of sterols-betulin and its derivatives, esters, as well as the presence of different structure of phenols, glycosides, aldehydes and alcohols makes it possible to assume a wide range of pharmacological activity of drugs based on ethanol extract of dried marsh (marsh).

scholarly journals Chemical composition and physic-chemical stability and microbiological cereal bars with almonds native to the Mid-North of Brazil and peel pineapple.

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Michelle Garcêz Carvalho ◽  
Larissa Morais Ribeiro Silva ◽  
Geraldo Arraes Maia ◽  
Paulo Henrique Machado Sousa ◽  
Evânia Altina Teixeira Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Brazilian Legislation ◽  
Fiber Protein ◽  
Pineapple Peel ◽  
Cereal Bars ◽  
Physical And Chemical

<p>Cereal bars are classified as healthy and nutritious foods, being sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber, protein and carbohydrates. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and physical and chemical stability and microbiological of cereal bars with almonds chich&aacute;, sapucaia and-nut Gurgu&eacute;ia, supplemented with pineapple peel. The cereal bars were subjected to the determination of its value energy and chemical composition (moisture, carbohydrate, lipid, crude protein, fiber and ash) and evaluate its physical and chemical stability (humidity, water activity and pH) and microbiological (<em>Salmonella</em> sp., Coliforms at 45&deg;C, coagulase positive <em>Staphylococcus</em>, <em>Bacillus cereus</em>, molds and yeasts) during 120 days of storage. The cereal bars had different nutritional values, and the cereal bar with almond chich&aacute; with the highest percentage protein, while the cereal bar with almonds sapucaia had the highest percentage lipid. The cereal bars attended the microbiological standards recommended by the Brazilian legislation, maintaining the physico-chemically and microbiologically stable during the 120 days of storage. Therefore, it is feasible to use the almonds chich&aacute;, sapucaia and-nut Gurgu&eacute;ia as well as peel pineapple in developing cereal bars.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span>DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v4i1.101">http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v4i1.</a></span><span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v4i1.101">101</a></span></p>

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