Estado e soberania na filosofia protestante: Uma introdução ao debate holandês do século XX

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-147
Author(s):  
E. B. SOUZA ◽  
V.S. PINHEIRO
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
World War ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Do So

Debate on the concept of state sovereignty may be conducted in light of various theories and by means of different philosophical traditions. The Protestant tradition is rarely located in such a context, particularly the Dutch Protestant tradition of the twentieth century, which strongly influenced the country and other countries of Protestant tradition in the wake of World War II. This work seeks to outline the Protestant debate on the concept of sovereignty based on the idea of “sphere sovereignty” developed by Herman Dooyeweerd, a proponent of this strain of Protestantism. To do so, it analyzes the contributions made by Dooyeweerd’s thoughts on the definition of sphere sovereignty for an understanding of state authority and its limits. A summary of his position and its context is first provided before an analysis is given of the concept of sphere sovereignty. Finally, such a context is located within the wider debate on sovereignty. The concluding argument is that Dooyeweerd’s reflections provided a concept of the rule of law opposing that of totalitarian visions, revealing his religious motives.

Americanization and Beika

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
World War ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
Japanese Immigrants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gendered Stereotypes ◽  
The U.S

The Americanization movement in the early twentieth century tried to redefine the qualifications for full membership within the nation. In the same period, the anti-Asian movement flourished. Responding actively to the discourses of anti-Japanese (and Asian) movements, Japanese immigrants tried to prove their eligibility for full membership in the U.S. nation by following their own interpretation of Americanization, or Beika (米化‎) in Japanese. The ideas of Beika were based on idealized Japanese virtues, as well as on what was required by the Americanization movement. Even though they used the parallel terms in ideas of Beika, however, the gender discourses such as virtues of Yamatonadeshiko and the definition of family highlighted the difference between the views of Americanization and those of Beika despite their similar intention. This gap in perception might have reinforced the racialized and gendered stereotypes on both sides and hindered mutual understanding before World War II.

scholarly journals ‘Containment, delay, mitigation’: waiting and care in the time of a pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Baraitser ◽  
Laura Salisbury
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Health Strategy ◽  
World War ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Prompt Action ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Present Possibility ◽  
Do So

In this paper we take up three terms – containment, delay, mitigation – that have been used by the UK Government to describe their phased response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the terms refer to a political and public health strategy – contain the virus, flatten the peak of the epidemic, mitigate its effects – we offer a psychosocial reading that draws attention to the relation between time and care embedded in each term. We do so to call for the development of a form of care-ful attention under conditions that tend to prompt action rather than reflection, closing down time for thinking. Using Adriana Cavarero’s notion of ‘horrorism’, in which violence is enacted at precisely the point that care is most needed, we discuss the ever-present possibility of failures within acts of care. We argue that dwelling in the temporality of delay can be understood as an act of care if delaying allows us to pay care-ful attention to violence. We then circle back to a point in twentieth-century history – World War II – that was also concerned with an existential threat requiring a response from a whole population. Our purpose is not to invoke a fantasised narrative of ‘Blitz spirit’, but to suggest that the British psychoanalytic tradition born of that moment offers resources for understanding how to keep thinking while ‘under fire’ through containing unbearable anxiety and the capacity for violence in the intersubjective space and time between people. In conditions of lockdown and what will be a long and drawn-out ‘after life’ of COVID-19, this commitment to thinking in and with delay and containment might help to inhabit this time of waiting – waiting that is the management and mitigation of a future threat, but also a time of care in and for the present.

scholarly journals ‘Containment, delay, mitigation’: waiting and care in the time of a pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Lisa Baraitser ◽  
Laura Salisbury
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Health Strategy ◽  
World War ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Prompt Action ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Present Possibility ◽  
Do So

In this paper, we take up three terms – containment, delay, mitigation – that have been used by the UK Government to describe their phased response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the terms refer to a political and public health strategy – contain the virus, flatten the peak of the epidemic, mitigate its effects – we offer a psychosocial reading that draws attention to the relation between time and care embedded in each term. We do so to call for the development of a form of care-ful attention under conditions that tend to prompt action rather than reflection, closing down time for thinking. Using Adriana Cavarero’s notion of ‘horrorism’, in which violence is enacted at precisely the point that care is most needed, we discuss the ever-present possibility of failures within acts of care. We argue that dwelling in the temporality of delay can be understood as an act of care if delaying allows us to pay care-ful attention to violence. We then circle back to a point in twentieth-century history – World War II – that was also concerned with an existential threat requiring a response from a whole population. Our purpose is not to invoke a fantasised narrative of ‘Blitz spirit’, but to suggest that the British psychoanalytic tradition born of that moment offers resources for understanding how to keep thinking while ‘under fire’ through containing unbearable anxiety and the capacity for violence in the intersubjective space and time between people. In conditions of lockdown and what will be a long and drawn-out ‘after life’ of COVID-19, this commitment to thinking in and with delay and containment might help to inhabit this time of waiting – waiting that is the management and mitigation of a future threat, but also a time of care in and for the present.

scholarly journals Czy zbrodnia wołyńsko-galicyjska 1943–1945 była ludobójstwem? Spór o kwalifikację prawną „antypolskiej akcji” UPA

2016 ◽  
pp. 45-71
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Motyka
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mass Murders ◽  
Mass Killings

The anti-Polish purges carried out by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Bandera (OUN-B) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which are known in Polish history as the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, claimed the lives of about 100,000 people. These purges were among the bloodiest episodes in Poland’s twentieth-century history and among the major mass killings of civilians during World War II. Moreover, they were committed by an irregular partisan formation. In terms of scale, the massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia can be compared to the mass pacification of Belarusian villages by German police formations and the massacres of Serbs by Croatian nationalists.Historical research indicates that, regardless of whether the objective of the OUN and the UPA was to exterminate or ‘only’ to expel the Poles, implementation of their plan must have assumed the killing of the Polish population, or at least part of it, in the disputed areas. Therefore, further research conducted in Poland confirmed the conviction about the genocidal nature of the UPA’s activities. Jędrzej Giertych was probably the first Pole to use the term ‘genocide’ in this context. He used it in the London-based literary weekly ‘Wiadomości’ [News] in 1951. In the second half of the 1990s, this opinion became dominant among scholars dealing with the issues in question. Similar conclusions were reached by prosecutors of the Institute of National Remembrance. It seems that their evaluation could not be different in the light of the definition of genocide specified in Article 118 of the Polish Criminal Code.Polish scholars argue, however, whether the term ‘genocide’ should be used in reference to all of the activities conducted by the OUN and UPA in the years 1939–1947, or only those conducted in the period from 9 February 1943 to 18 May 1945, known as the anti-Polish action (mass murders). They also argue whether the UPA’s actions were typical genocide, or should be considered as a specific example of cruel genocide (genocidum atrox) due to their ferocity. Some scholars are inclined to recognize the UPA’s ‘anti-Polish campaign’ as ethnic cleansing rather than genocide, but the scale of the crimes against the Polish population seems to undermine this opinion.The author suggests that the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia should be recognized as ‘genocidal ethnic cleansing’, or ‘ethnic cleansing that meets the definition of genocide’, as the terms indicate that from the very beginning perpetrators committed ethnic cleansing in the regions with intent to conduct mass murder of civilians.

Retroactive Law and Proactive Justice: Debating Crimes against Humanity in Germany, 1945–1950

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin O. Pendas
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Law ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
World War ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of International Law

The Nuremberg Trial may well be the most famous trial of the twentieth century, which is as it should be. After all, the Nuremberg Trial, while perhaps not as unprecedented as is frequently assumed, did mark a decisive turning point in the history of international law. It marked the first broadly successful attempt to impose the rule of law not just on the conduct of war but also, in a limited way, on domestic atrocities as well. The fame of this single trial has had the unfortunate side-effect of overshadowing the literally thousands of other Nazi trials that took place after World War II, however. These additional trials can be divided into three categories: those that took place in the domestic courts of victim nations, those that took place in occupation courts, and, perhaps least well-known, those that took place inGermancourts.

Trust and Transparency at the CSCE, 1969–1975

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cotey Morgan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
World War ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter examines the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from 1969 to 1975. It contends that trust was both a tool and objective of the conference, detailing how, even in the absence of trust, a major international agreement was concluded with the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, the outcome of the CSCE talks. In a clear attempt to advance their respective interests, Warsaw Pact member states focused on state sovereignty and the immutability of post-World War II European borders as a cornerstone of their definition of international security, whereas North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member states emphasized transparency, freer movement, and human rights, as well as confidence-building measures. As this chapter argues, the “tangled lines of trust and distrust” at the CSCE among the United States, the Western European countries, the neutral states, and the Soviet Union were incredibly complex, but they eventually secured the conference's success.

Extracting property values and oil: Los Angeles’ petroleum booms and the definition of urban space in the twentieth century

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Elkind
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
World War ◽  
Oil Drilling ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City

AbstractOil extraction began in the City of Los Angeles in the 1890s and continues to this day. A series of oil booms contributed to the city’s explosive growth in the early twentieth century. Because oil drilling was so dangerous, however, Los Angeles residents and city officials tried repeatedly to regulate oil exploration near homes and businesses. This article explains how oil drilling influenced Los Angeles residents’ understanding of property rights, how damage to residential property in the 1930s finally enabled city officials to pass and enforce limits on oil drilling, and then, how mobilization for World War II undermined those limits.

Constitutional Jurisdiction in a Democracy Governed by the Rule of Law

ICL Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gerhart Holzinger
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
World War ◽  
Success Story ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Active Player ◽  
Constitutional Adjudication

Abstract Today, the Austrian Constitutional Court looks back on an eventful history. The Austrian model of constitutional adjudication attracted wide attention, in particular after World War II and proved to be a success story. Carefully managing both the influences of the ECHR and, most recently, those of European Union law, the Court has become an active player in the dialogue of the courts involved.

The Formation of a Budding Man Alone: The God Boy (Murray Reece, 1976)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Fox
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
World War ◽  
Value System ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
The Family

This chapter analyses the earliest of the New Zealand coming-of-age feature films, an adaptation of Ian Cross’s novel The God Boy, to demonstrate how it addresses the destructive impact on a child of the puritanical value-system that had dominated Pākehā (white) society through much of the twentieth century, being particularly strong during the interwar years, and the decade immediately following World War II. The discussion explores how dysfunction within the family and repressive religious beliefs eventuate in pressures that cause Jimmy, the protagonist, to act out transgressively, and then to turn inwards to seek refuge in the form of self-containment that makes him a prototype of the Man Alone figure that is ubiquitous in New Zealand fiction.

A war hero or a Hitler soldier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Pavel Gotovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations. Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.

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