Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production

When surfactant is used as emulsifier, the stability of emulsion is often greatly reduced with the influence of reservoir conditions (temperature, pressure, salinity, etc.), which shortens the validity period of emulsion. Pickering emulsion has a wide range of applications in the oil and gas field due to its advantages of good stability and easy regulation. In this article, the formation, stabilization mechanism, and influencing factors of Pickering emulsions were introduced, and the application status and prospects of Pickering emulsions in oil and gas field were summarized. It was pointed out that Pickering emulsion has many advantages and important research value when applied in deep strata and complicated reservoirs. It is expected that this article can effectively reflect the application value of Pickering emulsion in oil and gas field and promote the application of Pickering emulsion in petroleum industry.

A Recent Progress in Performance and Property Improvement in Underwater Welding

Underwater welding is the process of connecting materials underwater in the presence of water. It is used to maintain and improve the structure in marine and offshore applications. It's utilized for underwater pipeline maintenance, submerged offshore oil drilling, and ship repairs. It can also be found in nuclear power plants and deep-sea mining. Underwater welding is divided into two categories dry welding and wet welding. Dry welding entails enclosing the weld zone in a hyperbaric tank filled with a gas mixture and welding at the prevailing pressure. Wet welding is a type of welding that uses waterproof electrodes and is done directly on the component to be welded. The major benefit of this welding is its simplicity and cost effectiveness, but we can't obtain high weld quality as easily as we can with dry welding. Dry welding, on the other hand, may provide high weld quality, but it is a time-consuming procedure that needs the welder to secure the region with the hyperbaric vessel, and it is also a costly method. Underwater welding has a number of issues, including bubble arc generation, cold cracking, microstructural deformation, and more. We attempted to bring together the most recent developments in the field of underwater welding. We've outlined several techniques that were used to improve welding characteristics as well as important issues that must be addressed. This review article may be used to figure out what measures need to be taken to enhance the underwater weld joint quality. Keywords: Underwater welding, underwater wet welding, underwater dry welding, hyperbaric vessel, underwater welding development

Adjustment of drilling slurry density during transportation by Platform Supply Vessels

Annotation – The issues of maintaining the drilling fluid density during its transportation from shore to the oil drilling platform by the Platform Supply Vessels were considered. The research was carried out on the vessel of 5650 deadweight tons, which made 2 ... 2.5 day voyages from port to drilling platform with possible waiting for direct approach to the platform for 1 ... 1.5 days. The drilling fluid was transported in four tanks of equal-size, arranged in pairs on each side of the vessel. It was found that during this period of time there is a latent stratification of drilling fluid along the depth of cargo tank, causing stratification of its density. The density of the drilling fluid was measured at depths corresponding to 10, 50 and 90 % of the total tank depth. The drilling fluid density stratification is defined as the relative density change in the upper (at 10 % depth) and lower (at 90 % depth) parts of the cargo tank. The hydrometer was used to measure density, allowing measurements in the range of 650 ... 1630 kg/m3 with an accuracy of 1 kg/m3 while controlling the temperature. Density measurements were taken at 6-hour intervals. It has been experimentally proved that during the 48-hour transportation of the drilling fluid with the density of 1295 kg/m3, the density value at the indicated depths is 1163 and 1524 kg/m3 respectively, while the density stratification reaches 31 %. It is offered to prevent the density stratification by creating a forced X-shaped circulation of the drilling fluid between cargo tanks which stand side by side. It is offered to regulate and maintain automatically the drilling fluid density in the range of 2 ... 7 % by using programmable controllers. When the density stratification reaches 7 %, the controller switches on the circulation pumps and circulates the drilling fluid between tanks which stand side by side. This increases the drilling fluid uniformity and helps to reduce the density stratification along the depth of the cargo tank. The process of additional circulation of the drilling fluid is rationally ensured until the density stratification reaches a value of 2 %. Fulfilment of the above-mentioned conditions will ensure that the drilling fluid maintains its operational properties and the energy consumption associated with the additional operation of the circulation pumps is minimised.

Research on Abnormal Detection Method of Data Flow Trend in Oil Drilling Engineering Early Warning

In this paper, by collecting and analysing the domestic and foreign oil drilling accident data and early warning technology, combined with the oil drilling process prediction and forecasting process deficiencies. Based on theoretical analysis and analysis of five typical accident modes in actual drilling rig engineering, the early warning method and train of thought of oil drilling engineering are established, and the index of early warning of accident is given. The sensitivity of various accident prediction indexes to the corresponding accidents is studied. On the basis of analysing the forecast signal and processing, the comprehensive model of accident early warning under multi-objective condition is established.

Remediation of oil-drilling cuttings by ozonation in semibatch bubble column reactors

The remediation of oil-drilling cuttings (ODC), containing a high percentage of total organic carbon (TOC), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and moisture, is a challenge. Ozonation is an advanced oxidation method able to destruct a broad variety of organic substances from water and soil. Oil-drilling cuttings are pre-treated inside a sonication bath with three solutions of artificial seawater containing 0.0, 0.2, and 0.5% w/w sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) which acts as surfactant and favours the solubilisation of hydrocarbons from the solid to the liquid phase. Afterwards, each pre-treated ODC is diluted at a ratio 1:5 with the corresponding type of seawater, and ozonation of the suspension occurs in a bubble column reactor made of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). The transient changes of the TOC content in ODC during the various stages of its treatment are measured with the Walkley-Black titration method. It seems that a percentage ~12-25% of TOC dissolves and is transferred from ODC to seawater, while the treatment of ODC suspended in seawater with ozone leads to the complete removal of the TOC after 2 hrs.

Ninth Circuit Nursery

Based on statistical and textual analysis of the 148 patent cases heard by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals from its creation through 1925, this chapter suggests that the appeals judges created a legal environment highly favorable to innovative West Coast enterprises. Their rulings consistently sided with local patent holders and alleged infringers over litigants from outside the circuit. Cases involving only local parties produced more mixed results, as judges sought to mediate disputes among competing regional suppliers, while insulating small proprietors from risks of infringement. Through these means, the appeals court actively shaped competition and influenced the course of innovation in such emergent fields as oil drilling and refining, hydraulic machinery, and food processing. The distinctiveness of Pacific Coast patent law diminished after 1915 under influence of a federal judiciary stacked with protégés of ex-President William Howard Taft, who became Chief Justice in 1921.

Safety culture maturity and resilience engineering in an oil drilling industry: A comparison study among government-owned and private companies

BACKGROUND: Organizational factors including a proper safety culture are among the important contributors of major accidents in process industries OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates and compares the dimensions of safety culture maturity (SCM) and resilience engineering (RE) among 423 employees of government-owned drilling companies (GODC) and private drilling companies (PDC) located in Azar oilfield, Ilam province, southwest of Iran. METHODS: The maturity of safety culture was measured using the modified version of Hudson safety culture maturity questionnaire and RE performance was studied using the resilience analysis gird (RAG). The relationship between RE and the SCM was discussed according to Hollnagel conceptual model. RESULTS: The results showed that lowest and highest levels of SCM in all dimensions were observed in the pathological (11.75%) and reactive (28%) levels, respectively. However, high levels of SCM have not been established in any of the studied drilling companies. The status of SCM dimensions and levels as well as RE performance was better in PDC compared to GODC which is consistent with their safety performance lagging indicators. CONCLUSION: This study showed that RE abilities could be improved by establishment of high levels of safety culture maturity.