Errors Due to Temporal Sampling

2009 ◽  
pp. 172-172-11
Author(s):  
PA Mansbach ◽  
DM Corley
Keyword(s):  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia Carbajal Henken ◽  
Lisa Dirks ◽  
Sandra Steinke ◽  
Hannes Diedrich ◽  
Thomas August ◽  
...  

Passive imagers on polar-orbiting satellites provide long-term, accurate integrated water vapor (IWV) data sets. However, these climatologies are affected by sampling biases. In Germany, a dense Global Navigation Satellite System network provides accurate IWV measurements not limited by weather conditions and with high temporal resolution. Therefore, they serve as a reference to assess the quality and sampling issues of IWV products from multiple satellite instruments that show different orbital and instrument characteristics. A direct pairwise comparison between one year of IWV data from GPS and satellite instruments reveals overall biases (in kg/m 2 ) of 1.77, 1.36, 1.11, and −0.31 for IASI, MIRS, MODIS, and MODIS-FUB, respectively. Computed monthly means show similar behaviors. No significant impact of averaging time and the low temporal sampling on aggregated satellite IWV data is found, mostly related to the noisy weather conditions in the German domain. In combination with SEVIRI cloud coverage, a change of shape of IWV frequency distributions towards a bi-modal distribution and loss of high IWV values are observed when limiting cases to daytime and clear sky. Overall, sampling affects mean IWV values only marginally, which are rather dominated by the overall retrieval bias, but can lead to significant changes in IWV frequency distributions.


2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
pp. 3829-3847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sitkowski ◽  
James P. Kossin ◽  
Christopher M. Rozoff

Abstract A flight-level aircraft dataset consisting of 79 Atlantic basin hurricanes from 1977 to 2007 was used to develop an unprecedented climatology of inner-core intensity and structure changes associated with eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs). During an ERC, the inner-core structure was found to undergo dramatic changes that result in an intensity oscillation and rapid broadening of the wind field. Concentrated temporal sampling by reconnaissance aircraft in 14 of the 79 hurricanes captured virtually the entire evolution of 24 ERC events. The analysis of this large dataset extends the phenomenological paradigm of ERCs described in previous observational case studies by identifying and exploring three distinct phases of ERCs: intensification, weakening, and reintensification. In general, hurricanes intensify, sometimes rapidly, when outer wind maxima are first encountered by aircraft. The mean locations of the inner and outer wind maximum at the start of an ERC are 35 and 106 km from storm center, respectively. The intensification rate of the inner wind maximum begins to slow and the storm ultimately weakens as the inner-core structure begins to organize into concentric rings. On average, the inner wind maximum weakens 10 m s−1 before the outer wind maximum surpasses the inner wind maximum as it continues to intensify. This reintensification can be quite dramatic and often brings the storm to its maximum lifetime intensity. The entire ERC lasts 36 h on average. Comparison of flight-level data and microwave imagery reveals that the first appearance of an outer wind maximum, often associated with a spiral rainband, typically precedes the weakening of the storm by roughly 9 h, but the weakening is already well under way by the time a secondary convective ring with a well-defined moat appears in microwave imagery. The data also show that winds beyond the outer wind maximum remain elevated even after the outer wind maximum contracts inward. Additionally, the contraction of the outer wind maximum usually ceases at a radius larger than the location of the inner wind maximum at the start of the ERC. The combination of a larger primary eyewall and expanded outer wind field increase the integrated kinetic energy by an average of 28% over the course of a complete ERC despite little change in the maximum intensity between the times of onset and completion of the event.


Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Georgios S. Ioannidis ◽  
Søren Christensen ◽  
Katerina Nikiforaki ◽  
Eleftherios Trivizakis ◽  
Kostas Perisinakis ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to define lower dose parameters (tube load and temporal sampling) for CT perfusion that still preserve the diagnostic efficiency of the derived parametric maps. Ninety stroke CT examinations from four clinical sites with 1 s temporal sampling and a range of tube loads (mAs) (100–180) were studied. Realistic CT noise was retrospectively added to simulate a CT perfusion protocol, with a maximum reduction of 40% tube load (mAs) combined with increased sampling intervals (up to 3 s). Perfusion maps from the original and simulated protocols were compared by: (a) similarity using a voxel-wise Pearson’s correlation coefficient r with in-house software; (b) volumetric analysis of the infarcted and hypoperfused volumes using commercial software. Pearson’s r values varied for the different perfusion metrics from 0.1 to 0.85. The mean slope of increase and cerebral blood volume present the highest r values, remaining consistently above 0.7 for all protocol versions with 2 s sampling interval. Reduction of the sampling rate from 2 s to 1 s had only modest impacts on a TMAX volume of 0.4 mL (IQR −1–3) (p = 0.04) and core volume of −1.1 mL (IQR −4–0) (p < 0.001), indicating dose savings of 50%, with no practical loss of diagnostic accuracy. The lowest possible dose protocol was 2 s temporal sampling and a tube load of 100 mAs.


2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (202) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marsan ◽  
Jérôme Weiss ◽  
Jean-Philippe Métaxian ◽  
Jacques Grangeon ◽  
Pierre-François Roux ◽  
...  

AbstractWe report the detection of bursts of low-frequency waves, typically f = 0.025 Hz, on horizontal channels of broadband seismometers deployed on the Arctic sea-ice cover during the DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies) experiment in spring 2007. These bursts have amplitudes well above the ambient ice swell and a lower frequency content. Their typical duration is of the order of minutes. They occur at irregular times, with periods of relative quietness alternating with periods of strong activity. A significant correlation between the rate of burst occurrences and the ice-cover deformation at the ∼400 km scale centered on the seismic network suggests that these bursts are caused by remote, episodic deformation involving shearing across regional-scale leads. This observation opens the possibility of complementing satellite measurements of ice-cover deformation, by providing a much more precise temporal sampling, hence a better characterization of the processes involved during these deformation events.


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