scholarly journals Role of Thalamocortical Sensory Suppression during Arousal: Focusing Sensory Inputs in Neocortex

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 9651-9655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Castro-Alamancos
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Sensory Suppression

scholarly journals Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Li ◽  
Jin-Xing Wei ◽  
Guang-Wei Zhang ◽  
Junxiang J. Huang ◽  
Brian Zingg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Corticostriatal Projections ◽  
Behavioral Transition ◽  
Auditory Looming

AbstractAnimals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.

Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system?

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Thibaudier ◽  
Marie-France Hurteau
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pattern Generators

Propriospinal pathways are thought to be critical for quadrupedal coordination by coupling cervical and lumbar central pattern generators (CPGs). However, the mechanisms involved in relaying information between girdles remain largely unexplored. Using an in vitro spinal cord preparation in neonatal rats, Juvin and colleagues ( Juvin et al. 2012 ) have recently shown sensory inputs from the hindlimbs have greater influence on forelimb CPGs than forelimb sensory inputs on hindlimb CPGs, in other words, a bottom-up control system. However, results from decerebrate cats suggest a top-down control system. It may be that both bottom-up and top-down control systems exist and that the dominance of one over the other is task or context dependent. As such, the role of sensory inputs in controlling quadrupedal coordination before and after injury requires further investigation.

Higher order neurons in buccal ganglia of Pleurobranchaea elicit vomiting motor activity

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Buccal Ganglia ◽  
Output Pattern ◽  
Stimulation Of

The buccal mass of the gastropod Pleurobranchaea is used during a regurgitation response that consists of a writhing phase interrupted by brief periodic bouts of a vomiting phase (17, 20). During transitions from writhing to vomiting, specific changes occur in the motor pattern (19, 20). Evidence is presented suggesting that at least some of the initiation or "command" neurons for vomiting reside in the buccal ganglia. The present paper examines the role of two candidate vomiting-initiation cells, the ventral white cells (VWC) and midganglionic cells (MC), in the buccal ganglia of isolated nervous systems. Stimulation of single VWCs activates a vomiting motor pattern, consisting in part of alternating buccal root activity. Furthermore, the VWCs fire in high-frequency bursts during episodes (i.e., bouts) of this same vomiting pattern. Mutual reexcitation between the VWCs and motor pattern generator (MPG) appears to produce the accelerated buildup and maintenance of vomiting rhythms. Brief stimulation of single MCs "triggers" bouts of a vomiting motor pattern, but the membrane potential of this cell is only modulated during this same pattern, at least in the isolated nervous system. It is proposed that in intact animals the MCs are activated by sensory inputs and briefly excite the VWC-MPG network, thereby turning on the mutual reexcitatory mechanism mentioned above and switching the output pattern. A general implication for gastropod research is that higher order neurons that activate buccal root activity cannot automatically be given the function of "feeding command neuron," as some cells clearly control other responses, such as vomiting.

Specific Interventions and the Role of Occupational Therapy on Children With ASD

2022 ◽  
pp. 165-179
Author(s):  
Silvia-Raluca Matei ◽  
Damian Mircea Totolan ◽  
Claudia Salceanu
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Attention Span ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Sensory Activities

Occupational therapy focuses on children's sensory processing and modulation. This chapter approaches specific interventions on children with ASD from several perspectives. OT is based on sensory integrative approach when working with children with ASD: helping parents understand their child's behavior, helping children organize responses to sensory input. The sensory integrative approach is a formulated activity plan that helps people who haven't been able to develop their own sensory recognition program. This plan allows a child to integrate all sorts of different sensory activities in their day so they can engage in and begin to work with a wide variety of sensory inputs. This provides a wide number of benefits. Their focus and attention span increases because they won't have meltdowns from trying to process too much information; sensory integrative approach helps to rebuild/reform the child's nervous system. This allows them to physically handle more sensory input. As a result, OT has been proven effective in working with children with ASD.

scholarly journals Statistical learning in domestic chicks is modulated by strain and sex

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Santolin ◽  
Orsola Rosa-Salva ◽  
Bastien S. Lemaire ◽  
Lucia Regolin ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Automated Tracking ◽  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Continuous Stream

Abstract Statistical learning is a key mechanism for detecting regularities from a variety of sensory inputs. Precocial newborn domestic chicks provide an excellent model for (1) exploring unsupervised forms of statistical learning in a comparative perspective, and (2) elucidating the ecological function of statistical learning using imprinting procedures. Here we investigated the role of the sex of the chicks in modulating the direction of preference (for familiarity or novelty) in a visual statistical learning task already employed with chicks and human infants. Using both automated tracking and direct human coding, we confirmed chicks’ capacity to recognize the presence of a statistically defined structure underlying a continuous stream of shapes. Using a different chicken strain than previous studies, we were also able to highlight sex differences in chicks’ propensity to approach the familiar or novel sequence. This could also explain a previous failure to reveal statistical learning in chicks which sex was however not determined. Our study confirms chicks’ ability to track visual statistics. The pivotal role of sex in determining familiarity or novelty preferences in this species and the interaction with the animals’ strain highlight the importance to contextualize comparative research within the ecology of each species.

The role of various sensory inputs in establishing social hierarchies in crayfish

Behaviour ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 149 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1443-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Callaghan ◽  
William A. Dew ◽  
Cassidy D. Weisbord ◽  
Greg G. Pyle
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Sensory Inputs

scholarly journals DG-CA3 circuitry mediates hippocampal representations of latent information

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra T. Keinath ◽  
Andres Nieto-posadas ◽  
Jennifer C. Robinson ◽  
Mark P. Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Navigation System ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Large Ensembles ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm

AbstractSurvival in complex environments necessitates a flexible navigation system that incorporates memory of recent behavior and associations. Yet, how the hippocampal spatial circuit represents latent information independent of sensory inputs and future goals has not been determined. To address this, we imaged the activity of large ensembles in subregion CA1 via wide-field fluorescent microscopy during a novel behavioral paradigm. Our results demonstrated that latent information is represented through reliable firing rate changes during unconstrained navigation. We then hypothesized that the representation of latent information in CA1 is mediated by pattern separation/completion processes instantiated upstream within the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 subregions. Indeed, CA3 ensemble recordings revealed an analogous code for latent information. Moreover, selective chemogenetic inactivation of DG-CA3 circuitry completely and reversibly abolished the CA1 representation of latent information. These results reveal a causal and specific role of DG-CA3 circuitry in the maintenance of latent information within the hippocampus.

scholarly journals A vibrissa pathway that activates the limbic system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kleinfeld ◽  
Martin Deschenes ◽  
Michaël Elbaz ◽  
Amalia Callado Perez ◽  
Conrad Foo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Trigeminal Nuclei ◽  
Rodent Behavior ◽  
Controlling Behavior

Vibrissa sensory inputs play a central role in driving rodent behavior. These inputs transit through the sensory trigeminal nuclei, which give rise to the ascending lemniscal and paralemniscal pathways. While lemniscal projections are somatotopically mapped from brain stem to cortex, those of the paralemniscal pathway are more widely distributed. Yet the extent and topography of paralemniscal projections are unknown, along with the potential role of these projections in controlling behavior. Here we used viral tracers to map paralemniscal projections. We find that this pathway broadcasts vibrissa-based sensory signals to brain stem regions that are involved in the regulation of autonomic functions and to forebrain regions that are involved in the expression of emotional reactions. We further provide evidence that GABAergic cells of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus gate trigeminal sensory input in the paralemniscal pathway via a mechanism of presynaptic or extrasynaptic inhibition.

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