3. Revival, Second-Stage Conversion, and the Localization of the Urapmin Church

2019 ◽  
pp. 122-154
Keyword(s):  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Conversion

scholarly journals Two-Stage Conversion of High Free Fatty AcidJatropha curcasOil to Biodiesel Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid and KOH as Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Das ◽  
Ashim Jyoti Thakur ◽  
Dhanapati Deka
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Conversion ◽  
Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Stage Process

Biodiesel was produced from high free fatty acid (FFA)Jatropha curcasoil (JCO) by two-stage process in which esterification was performed by Brønsted acidic ionic liquid 1-(1-butylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BSMIM]Cl) followed by KOH catalyzed transesterification. Maximum FFA conversion of 93.9% was achieved and it reduced from 8.15 wt% to 0.49 wt% under the optimum reaction conditions of methanol oil molar ratio 12 : 1 and 10 wt% of ionic liquid catalyst at 70°C in 6 h. The ionic liquid catalyst was reusable up to four times of consecutive runs under the optimum reaction conditions. At the second stage, the esterified JCO was transesterified by using 1.3 wt% KOH and methanol oil molar ratio of 6 : 1 in 20 min at 64°C. The yield of the final biodiesel was found to be 98.6% as analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical composition of the final biodiesel was also determined by GC-MS analysis.

A 21st. Century Perspective on Molybdenum Powder Production by Hydrogen Reduction

2007 ◽  
Vol 561-565 ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Martins ◽  
Tawiwan Kangsadan ◽  
Grant Scott ◽  
Christopher Wagner ◽  
Jeff Van Hoose
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Chemical Vapor Transport ◽  
Molybdenum Powder ◽  
Powder Morphology ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Conversion ◽  
Powder Product

High purity molybdenum metal powder is produced commercially from hexavalent molybdenum precursors, viz.: ammonium dimolybdate (ADM) or molybdenum trioxide. One conventional process incorporates first-stage and second-stage flowsheet components, with hydrogen gas serving as reductant. This two-stage strategy is employed in order to minimize the formation of volatile molybdenum species that would otherwise be generated at the high temperature required to obtain molybdenum (Mo) in a single stage conversion of the molybdenum precursor. Although molybdenum powder has been produced commercially for over a century, a comprehensive understanding of the kinetic mechanisms and powder characteristics, e.g. oxygen content and particle morphology, is far from being definitive. In fact, it might be argued that the “art” and engineering, in a commercial context, has advanced ahead of the fine-detail science-derived metallurgical process-engineering. Theoretical contributions presented in this paper are focused primarily on the fundamentals of the conversion process associated with second-stage reduction process – MoO2 to Mo and the factors that contribute to the oxygen content of the molybdenum powder product (1000 to 100 ppm(w) O, range). Thus, equilibrium-configuration details concerning both solid and gas phases are addressed, including the volatile hexavalent molybdenum vapor complexes as well as solubility of oxygen in molybdenum. In regard to the role of a chemical vapor-transport mechanism on powder morphology in second-stage conversion of MoO2 to Mo, it is shown that the partial pressure of the prominent molybdenum hydroxide vapor-complex (MoO2(OH)2) is far too low to support such a mechanism. This contention has been corroborated by employing helium to control the partial pressures of hydrogen and water in the gas phase. Secondarily, a limited assessment of the intrinsic rate-controlling mechanisms that can contribute to the residual oxygen-content of the Mo powder product is also provided. Powder morphology, and its concomitant influence on specific surface-area of the Mo powder product, is found to correlate with the oxygen-content determination of the powder produced during second-stage reduction, and according to the processing strategy employed. Consequently, it has been found cogent to “partition” second-stage reduction into: i) a relatively high-rate Primary Reduction Sequence, and ii) a lower rate Deoxidation Sequence.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Cryomicroscopy of multiphase latices

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1060-1061
Author(s):  
O. L. Shaffer ◽  
M.S. El-Aasser ◽  
C. L. Zhao ◽  
M. A. Winnik ◽  
R. R. Shivers
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Transmission electron microscopy is an important approach to the characterization of the morphology of multiphase latices. Various sample preparation techniques have been applied to multiphase latices such as OsO4, RuO4 and CsOH stains to distinguish the polymer phases or domains. Radiation damage by an electron beam of latices imbedded in ice has also been used as a technique to study particle morphology. Further studies have been developed in the use of freeze-fracture and the effect of differential radiation damage at liquid nitrogen temperatures of the latex particles embedded in ice and not embedded.Two different series of two-stage latices were prepared with (1) a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) seed and poly(styrene) (PS) second stage; (2) a PS seed and PMMA second stage. Both series have varying amounts of second-stage monomer which was added to the seed latex semicontinuously. A drop of diluted latex was placed on a 200-mesh Formvar-carbon coated copper grid.

Observations on the growth of barium bismuth oxide thin films

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-77
Author(s):  
M G. Norton ◽  
E.S. Hellman ◽  
E.H. Hartford ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Nucleation Layer ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
High Transition ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Oriented Material ◽  
Barium Bismuth ◽  
Superconductor Device

The bismuthates (for example, Ba1-xKxBiO3) represent a class of high transition temperature superconductors. The lack of anisotropy and the long coherence length of the bismuthates makes them technologically interesting for superconductor device applications. To obtain (100) oriented Ba1-xKxBiO3 films on (100) oriented MgO, a two-stage deposition process is utilized. In the first stage the films are nucleated at higher substrate temperatures, without the potassium. This process appears to facilitate the formation of the perovskite (100) orientation on (100) MgO. This nucleation layer is typically between 10 and 50 nm thick. In the second stage, the substrate temperature is reduced and the Ba1-xKxBiO3 is grown. Continued growth of (100) oriented material is possible at the lower substrate temperature.

Second stage of labor in the age of epidural anesthesia

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 171A-171A
Author(s):  
E XENAKIS ◽  
J PIPER ◽  
M MCFARLAND ◽  
C SUITER ◽  
O LANGER
Keyword(s):  
Epidural Anesthesia ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage

The Gender Typicality of Faces and Its Impact on Visual Processing and on Hiring Decisions

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa von Stockhausen ◽  
Sara Koeser ◽  
Sabine Sczesny
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Leadership Selection ◽  
Gender Typicality ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Feminine

Past research has shown that the gender typicality of applicants’ faces affects leadership selection irrespective of a candidate’s gender: A masculine facial appearance is congruent with masculine-typed leadership roles, thus masculine-looking applicants are hired more certainly than feminine-looking ones. In the present study, we extended this line of research by investigating hiring decisions for both masculine- and feminine-typed professional roles. Furthermore, we used eye tracking to examine the visual exploration of applicants’ portraits. Our results indicate that masculine-looking applicants were favored for the masculine-typed role (leader) and feminine-looking applicants for the feminine-typed role (team member). Eye movement patterns showed that information about gender category and facial appearance was integrated during first fixations of the portraits. Hiring decisions, however, were not based on this initial analysis, but occurred at a second stage, when the portrait was viewed in the context of considering the applicant for a specific job.

A Multivariate Approach to Analyze Ordinal Data Collected in Clinical Trials of Analgesic Agents

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
E. Mabubini ◽  
M. Rainisio ◽  
V. Mandelli
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Ordinal Data ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Analgesic Agents ◽  
Relevant Factors

After pointing out the drawbacks of the approach commonly used to analyze the data collected in controlled clinical trials carried out to evaluate the analgesic effect of potential agents, the authors suggest a procedure suitable for analyzing data coded according to an ordinal scale. In the first stage a multivariate analysis is carried out on the codec! data and the projection of each result in the space of the most relevant factors is obtained. In the second stage the whole set of these values is processed by distribution-free tests. The procedure has been applied to data previously published by VENTAITBIDDA et al. [18].

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