The Gender Typicality of Faces and Its Impact on Visual Processing and on Hiring Decisions

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa von Stockhausen ◽  
Sara Koeser ◽  
Sabine Sczesny
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Leadership Selection ◽  
Gender Typicality ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Feminine

Past research has shown that the gender typicality of applicants’ faces affects leadership selection irrespective of a candidate’s gender: A masculine facial appearance is congruent with masculine-typed leadership roles, thus masculine-looking applicants are hired more certainly than feminine-looking ones. In the present study, we extended this line of research by investigating hiring decisions for both masculine- and feminine-typed professional roles. Furthermore, we used eye tracking to examine the visual exploration of applicants’ portraits. Our results indicate that masculine-looking applicants were favored for the masculine-typed role (leader) and feminine-looking applicants for the feminine-typed role (team member). Eye movement patterns showed that information about gender category and facial appearance was integrated during first fixations of the portraits. Hiring decisions, however, were not based on this initial analysis, but occurred at a second stage, when the portrait was viewed in the context of considering the applicant for a specific job.

scholarly journals Directional selectivity and its use in early visual processing

1981 ◽  
Vol 211 (1183) ◽  
pp. 151-180 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Zero Crossings ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Early Visual Processing ◽  
Local Direction ◽  
Zero Values

The construction of directionally selective units, and their use in the processing of visual motion, are considered. The zero crossings of ∇ 2 G(x, y) ∗ I(x, y) are located, as in Marr & Hildreth (1980). That is, the image is filtered through centre-surround receptive fields, and the zero values in the output are found. In addition, the time derivative ∂[∇ 2 G(x, y) ∗ l(x, y) ]/∂ t is measured at the zero crossings, and serves to constrain the local direction of motion to within 180°. The direction of motion can be determined in a second stage, for example by combining the local constraints. The second part of the paper suggests a specific model of the information processing by the X and Y cells of the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, and certain classes of cortical simple cells. A number of psychophysical and neurophysiological predictions are derived from the theory.

Women leaders' views on demand-side strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson Byrne ◽  
Ingrid C. Chadwick ◽  
Amanda J. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Career Stage ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Engaged Scholarship ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine female leaders' attitudes toward demand-side strategies to close the gender-leadership gap and discuss implications for organizations.Design/methodology/approachThis article describes the process of knowledge co-creation that took place using an engaged scholarship epistemology over 23 interviews with North American women in senior leadership roles.FindingsFive key themes related to women leaders' attitudes toward demand-side strategies are discussed. Some felt uncertain or opposed toward these strategies, whereas others supported them. Support for these strategies was dependent on perceptions of backlash regarding the implementation of these strategies and the participants' career stage. Finally, participants acknowledged that demand-side strategies are insufficient in isolation and require additional organizational supports.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings enhance our understanding and provide theoretical refinement of the mechanisms that drive female leaders' reactions to demand-side strategies to close the gender-leadership gap.Practical implicationsParticipants advocated for certain practices to be considered when organizations contemplate the adoption of demand-side strategies. Importantly, participants advocated that the implementation of demand-side strategies would be insufficient unless organizations encourage greater dialogue regarding the gender-leadership gap, that top management support more gender inclusive leadership, and that male colleagues act as allies for women in leadership.Originality/valueThis article extends past research and theory by integrating the pragmatic perspectives of successful female leaders with previous empirical evidence to illustrate different reactions to demand-side strategies and ways for organizations to manage those in their efforts to close the gender-leadership gap.

Descriptions of the second stage of music teachers’ careers

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Conway ◽  
John Eros
Keyword(s):  
Music Teachers ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stage Theory ◽  
Music Teaching ◽  
Teaching Experiences ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Career Cycle

The purpose of this study was to describe experiences of 12 second-stage music teachers as several themes emerged from a secondary analysis of previously collected written survey and interview data. Participants were previously involved in studies in which they were asked to reflect on their beginning teaching experiences and discuss their music teaching careers in the last 10 years (Conway, 2012a, 2012b). Data from the previous studies were then used in a secondary analysis in which we examined the data through the lens of “career cycle” and “second stage” theory. Experiences in the second stage included: (a) feeling settled; (b) assuming leadership; (c) uncertainty; and (d) seeking new challenges. These are discussed in relation to past research and suggestions for future research are provided.

Competent Yet Out in the Cold: Shifting Criteria for Hiring Reflect Backlash Toward Agentic Women

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie E. Phelan ◽  
Corinne A. Moss-Racusin ◽  
Laurie A. Rudman
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Hiring Discrimination ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
Hiring Criteria

We present evidence that shifting hiring criteria reflects backlash toward agentic (“masterful”) women ( Rudman, 1998 ). Participants ( N = 428) evaluated male or female agentic or communal managerial applicants on dimensions of competence, social skills, and hireability. Consistent with past research, agentic women were perceived as highly competent but deficient in social skills, compared with agentic men. New to the present research, social skills predicted hiring decisions more than competence for agentic women; for all other applicants, competence received more weight than social skills. Thus, evaluators shifted the job criteria away from agentic women's strong suit (competence) and toward their perceived deficit (social skills) to justify hiring discrimination. The implications of these findings for women's professional success are discussed.

scholarly journals Understanding the role of faces in person perception: Increased reliance on facial appearance when judging sociability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Jaeger ◽  
Anthony M Evans ◽  
Marielle Stel ◽  
Ilja van Beest
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Emotional Expressiveness ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Job Candidates ◽  
Trait Impressions

Faces play a central role in person perception. People spontaneously judge others’ personality based on their facial appearance and these impressions guide many consequential decisions. Under what conditions do people rely on facial appearance? Here, we test whether reliance on facial appearance depends on the goal of impression formation (i.e., on which trait dimension targets are evaluated). Trait impressions are, to a large extent, based on the resemblance of facial cues to emotion expressions. As emotional expressiveness is a central component of sociability, we hypothesized that people would more readily perceive sociability in faces. Across three preregistered studies (N = 1,436), we find that facial appearance is indeed seen as more indicative of a person’s sociability than their morality or competence. We find the same pattern when examining the influence of facial cues on judgment and decision-making. People are more confident in the accuracy of their trait impressions when judging sociability (vs. morality or competence; Study 1, n = 527), they value information on the facial appearance of job candidates more when looking for a sociable (vs. moral or competent) employee (Study 2, n = 390), and they view reliance on facial appearance when making hiring decisions as more appropriate and more effective when looking for a sociable (vs. moral or competent) employee (Study 3, n = 519). Together, our results provide converging evidence that people view facial appearance as especially relevant for judging a person’s sociability.

scholarly journals Autobiographical recall triggers visual exploration

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Haj ◽  
Céline Delerue ◽  
Diana Omigie ◽  
Pascal Antoine ◽  
Jean Louis Nandrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Blank Screen ◽  
Autobiographical Recall ◽  
Neuroimaging Data

Autobiographical recall is thought to rely on the ability to generate a visual image of the remembered event. Neuropsychological studies suggest a relationship between deterioration in visual mental imagery and autobiographical distortions, while neuroimaging data similarly implicate visual brain areas in autobiographical recall. However, neither whether autobiographical retrieval is associated with visual exploration, or not. Our paper aimed to provide such evidence one way or the other. Using an eye tracking system, we recorded eye movements of 40 participants during autobiographical recall and during a control condition in which participants had to count aloud. In both conditions, the participants had to look at a blank screen while their gaze location was recorded by the eye-tracker. Autobiographical recall triggered a lower number of fixations and reduced their duration. In contrast, the number, duration, and amplitude of saccades increased compared to the control condition. Our data suggest that autobiographical recall is characterized by visual processing.

The onset of uncertainty facilitates the learning of new associations by increasing attention to cues

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara C Easdale ◽  
Mike E Le Pelley ◽  
Tom Beesley
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Rapid Learning ◽  
Stable Level ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Training Stage ◽  
Rate Of Learning

Past research in animals has suggested that attention is distributed to exploit known relationships between stimuli and explore stimuli whose consequences are uncertain. While there is strong support for exploitative attention and its effects on learning in humans, the evidence for exploratory attention is less well developed. Two experiments examined whether preferential allocation of attention (as measured by eye-gaze) to cues associated with uncertainty leads to more rapid learning of new associations involving these cues in the future. In each experiment, participants first learned about compounds containing one predictive cue and one nonpredictive cue. The level of uncertainty during this first stage of training was also manipulated: cue-outcome relationships were either deterministic (certain) or probabilistic (uncertain). In a second stage, new cue-outcome relationships were trained and the uncertainty of these relationships could be resolved by learning about the previously nonpredictive cues. As a result of the manipulation of uncertainty in the first stage, some participants experienced a sudden onset of uncertainty at the start of this second stage, while others experienced a stable level of uncertainty throughout the experiment. Experiment 1 showed that the former learned novel cue-outcome associations faster than participants for whom uncertainty was constant. Furthermore, participants experiencing unexpected uncertainty showed a greater increase in attention to cues in Stage 2. Extending the training stage in Experiment 2 resulted in a larger difference in rate of learning between conditions in stage 2. We argue that this represents evidence for an effect of exploratory attention on rate of learning in humans.

Effects of Anger and Sadness on Attentional Patterns in Decision Making: An Eye-Tracking Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Xing
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Persuasive Messages

Past research examining the effect of anger and sadness on decision making has associated anger with a relatively more heuristic decision-making approach. However, it is unclear whether angry and sad individuals differ while attending to decision-relevant information. An eye-tracking experiment ( N = 87) was conducted to examine the role of attention in links between emotion and decision making. Angry individuals looked more and earlier toward heuristic cues while making decisions, whereas sad individuals did not show such bias. Implications for designing persuasive messages and studying motivated visual processing were discussed.

scholarly journals Leader or Leaderess? Consequences of Using Feminatives for the Perception of Leadership

2021 ◽  
Vol 2/2021 (35) ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
Anna O. Kuźmińska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Implicit Leadership ◽  
Implicit Leadership Theory ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Inclusive Instruction

According to the Implicit Leadership Theory, leadership roles are assigned in the process of social construction and depend upon the level of congruence with the cognitive representation of a leader. Previous studies show that this cognitive representation is much more likely to involve a leader being a male rather than a female. The article presents the results of an experiment aimed at tentatively verifying whether the use of the feminine forms could increase the cognitive availability of the representation of a woman as a leader. In the experiment, 135 teams (N = 307 respondents) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: 1) generic instruction (without the use of feminatives, “Please, draw a leader”), 2) inclusive instruction (using feminatives, “Please, draw a leader/leaderess”). The results showed a significant interaction between the experimental manipulation and the proportion of women in the team. The use of feminine forms increased the percentage of females drawn as leaders only in teams with a high female-to-male ratio.

scholarly journals Word-Object Learning via Visual Exploration in Space (WOLVES): A Neural Process Account of Cross-Situational Word Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaz Ahmad Bhat ◽  
John P. Spencer ◽  
Larissa K. Samuelson
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Novelty Detection ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
New Words ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Object Learning ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Learning Behaviours

Infants, children and adults have been shown to track co-occurrence across ambiguous naming situations to infer the referents of new words. The extensive literature on this cross-situational word learning (CSWL) ability has produced support for two theoretical accounts — associative learning (AL) and hypothesis testing (HT) — but no comprehensive model of the behaviour. We propose WOLVES, a formal account of CSWL grounded in psychological processes of memory and attention that explicitly models the dynamics of looking at a moment-to-moment scale and learning across trials. Here we use WOLVES to capture data from 12 studies of CSWL with adults and children, thereby providing a comprehensive account of data purported to support both AL and HT accounts. Moreover, we offer the first developmental account of CSWL, offering insights into how underlying processes change from infancy through adulthood. WOLVES shows that selective attention in CSWL is both dependent on and indicative of learning. Further, learning is driven by real-time synchrony of words and gaze-fixations and constrained by memory processes operating over multiple timescales. Additionally, WOLVES explains a) how performance is impacted by the structure of test paradigms, b) how partial knowledge boosts learning of new words, c) how within- and across-trial competition produces mutual exclusivity; and d) how previously observed individual differences can emerge from learning in the task. The larger theoretical framework in which WOLVES is situated, Dynamic Field Theory, provides neural grounding and ties to other visual processing phenomena like novelty detection and habituation as well as multiple early word learning behaviours.

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