Revolution, Labor Unions, and Land Reform in Baja California

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Castillo-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Baja California ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mexican Migrant ◽  
Chinese Workers

This chapter discusses the formation of labor organizations of Mexican and Asian workers, and their influence on both the labor movement and the movement for land reform. Following the decade of revolutionary upheaval, the population of Baja California increased from 23,537 in 1921 to 48,327 in 1930. During the same time frame, the Colorado River Land Company abandoned large tracts of uncultivated land, which led to an increase in unemployment and stiffer competition between Asian and Mexican workers. Unemployment, combined with the housing shortage caused by a new wave of Mexican migrant workers from the United States, led to the formation of labor unions where indigenous peoples, Mexicans, and Mexican Americans demanded access to farmland and called for restrictions on Chinese immigration. Chinese workers formed Chinese associations in the face of repression and forced deportations. While these struggles reveal how workers dealt with hard financial times, they also show how race, gender, and ethnic affiliations shaped activism and early land reform movements in the Mexicali Valley in the 1920s.

The New Economic Populism and the Future of Inequality in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Franko ◽  
Christopher Witko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Over Time

The authors conclude the book by recapping their arguments and empirical results, and discussing the possibilities for the “new economic populism” to promote egalitarian economic outcomes in the face of continuing gridlock and the dominance of Washington, DC’s policymaking institutions by business and the wealthy, and a conservative Republican Party. Many states are actually addressing inequality now, and these policies are working. Admittedly, many states also continue to embrace the policies that have contributed to growing inequality, such as tax cuts for the wealthy or attempting to weaken labor unions. But as the public grows more concerned about inequality, the authors argue, policies that help to address these income disparities will become more popular, and policies that exacerbate inequality will become less so. Over time, if history is a guide, more egalitarian policies will spread across the states, and ultimately to the federal government.

Conclusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Castillo-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Assembly Plants ◽  
Looking Back ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. Looking back at how Baja California was transformed from a backwater to one of the most productive regions in northern Mexico, one could easily conclude that foreign investment was a catalyst for Baja California's dramatic economic success. But this is only part of the story. This book demonstrates that intermarriage, land reform, and migration were vital to the development of the Baja California peninsula and the Mexican borderlands. Without Asian, mestizo, and indigenous workers, it would have been impossible for the Compagnie du Boleo and the the Colorado River Land Company to become some of the most productive enterprises in Latin America. In the post NAFTA era, Baja California continues to be a strategic place for commerce and migration. The boom of maquilas (assembly plants) and agribusinesses persist in attracting migrant workers from different parts of Mexico.

How Do Discrimination and Self-Esteem Control Beliefs Affect Prosociality? An Examination Among Black and Latinx Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 027243162091248
Author(s):  
Corine P. Tyler ◽  
G. John Geldhof ◽  
Richard A. Settersten ◽  
Brian R. Flay
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
The Face ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Latinx Youth ◽  
Very High

Black and Latinx youth are situated in a maladaptive discriminatory context in the United States; however, prosociality may be one way that youth can promote their own positive development in the face of these experiences. We examined the longitudinal associations between discrimination and prosociality among 380 Black and Latinx early adolescents (MW6age = 12.38 years, 52% female) and considered race/ethnicity and self-esteem control beliefs as potential moderators to this association. Discrimination predicted higher levels of prosociality among Black youth 6 months later, but not among Latinx youth. Discrimination also predicted higher prosociality among youth with very high self-esteem control beliefs 6 months later, but not among youth with lower levels of self-esteem control beliefs. None of these associations were significant when looking across a 1-year time frame. Our findings support the predictions of self-esteem enhancement theory and highlight the importance of considering how youth’s unique racialized experiences can inform how they respond to discrimination.

The Precarious Position of Latino Immigrants in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 666 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Massey ◽  
Jorge Durand ◽  
Karen A. Pren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latino Immigrants ◽  
Mexican Migrants ◽  
Mexican Migrant ◽  
Wage Penalties ◽  
The U.S

A majority of Mexican and Central Americans living in the United States today are undocumented or living in a marginal, temporary legal status. This article is a comparative analysis of how Mexican and non-Mexican Latino immigrants fare in the U.S. labor market. We show that despite higher levels of human capital and a higher class background among non-Mexican migrants, neither they nor Mexican migrants have fared very well in the United States. Over the past four decades, the real value of their wages has fallen across the board, and both Mexican and non-Mexican migrant workers experience wage penalties because they are in liminal legal categories. With Latinos now composing 17 percent of the U.S. population and 25 percent of births, the precariousness of their labor market position should be a great concern among those attending to the nation’s future.

scholarly journals Vulnerability and Resilience in the Covid-19 Crisis: Race, Gender, and Belonging

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
Eileen Boris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
Home Care Workers

AbstractDuring the early months of the 2020 pandemic, migrants who travelled to the United States to pick crops, scrub floors, stock warehouses, and tend to elders became ‘heroes’ for performing necessary labour – unless they were surplus bodies crammed into prison-like detention waystations before being deported for the crime of arriving without proper papers. The pandemic intensified states of precarity. Especially among those labelled as ‘essential workers’, the lack of protective equipment and labour rights put them on the frontline of exposure. But domestic and home care workers, meatpackers, fieldhands, and others in the US stepped out of the shadows to demand inclusion in social assistance, occupational health and safety laws, and other state benefits. This chapter historicises the recent hardships and the organising of (im)migrant workers: it shows that the policies of Donald J. Trump were not an aberration, but part of a national pattern of racial differentiation with gendered inflections. Vulnerability, however, is only part of the story. Workers remained resilient in the face of the hidden enemy of Covid-19, as they sought safe and decent living and working conditions.

scholarly journals Historical ecology with real numbers: past and present extent and biomass of an imperilled estuarine habitat

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1742) ◽  
pp. 3393-3400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philine S. E. Zu Ermgassen ◽  
Mark D. Spalding ◽  
Brady Blake ◽  
Loren D. Coen ◽  
Brett Dumbauld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Ecology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
The Face ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Native Oyster

Historic baselines are important in developing our understanding of ecosystems in the face of rapid global change. While a number of studies have sought to determine changes in extent of exploited habitats over historic timescales, few have quantified such changes prior to late twentieth century baselines. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first ever large-scale quantitative assessment of the extent and biomass of marine habitat-forming species over a 100-year time frame. We examined records of wild native oyster abundance in the United States from a historic, yet already exploited, baseline between 1878 and 1935 (predominantly 1885–1915), and a current baseline between 1968 and 2010 (predominantly 2000–2010). We quantified the extent of oyster grounds in 39 estuaries historically and 51 estuaries from recent times. Data from 24 estuaries allowed comparison of historic to present extent and biomass. We found evidence for a 64 per cent decline in the spatial extent of oyster habitat and an 88 per cent decline in oyster biomass over time. The difference between these two numbers illustrates that current areal extent measures may be masking significant loss of habitat through degradation.

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