scholarly journals A comparative study on the tibial morphology among several populations in ancient East Asia

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Zhang ◽  
Hui-Yuan Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Functional Adaptation ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Tibial Shaft ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Subsistence Strategies

Human skeletal morphology is a dynamic system affected by both physiological and environmental factors, due to the functional adaptation and remodeling responses of bones. To further explore the adaptation of bone to the environment and the consequent subsistence strategies determined by the diverse natural contexts in the Anthropocene, this study presents a comparative study on the tibiae of seven ancient populations located in different regions of East Asia. Through the analysis of the tibial shaft morphology, a comparative analysis between the populations and genders was conducted to evaluate the differences in external morphology and sexual division of labor. The cnemic indices of the tibial shaft were selected to quantify the external shape. Results showed that different populations had different tibial morphology. Among males, those of Jinggouzi had the flattest tibia while those of Changle had the widest tibia. Among the females, females of Hanben had the flattest tibia, whereas tibia from females of Shiqiao, Changle, and Yinxu were among the widest. The sexual dimorphism was relatively larger in Shiqiao and Jinggouzi and smaller in Tuchengzi and Changle. Through a combination of previous archaeological findings, historical records, and ethnography of the aboriginal Taiwanese, it is concluded that the terrain and ecological environments laid basis for varied subsistence strategies. In addition, the mobility and social labor division under a particular subsistence strategy further contributed to the adaptation of the lower limb morphology to its context. The comparative analysis provides further insight on habitual activities, terrestrial mobility patterns, and subsistence strategies of the populations, which lived in different environmental contexts during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age, thus demonstrating the diverse interactions between human populations and natural environment in the Anthropocene.

scholarly journals Testing the Limits: Radiocarbon Dating and the End of the Late Bronze Age

Radiocarbon ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Hagens
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Near East ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Radiocarbon Data ◽  
Better Than

Archaeometry is becoming an increasingly important tool in chronological research related to events in the Ancient Near East during the 2nd millennium BCE. This paper is a review of recently published radiometric results in an attempt to establish the probable dating range for one particular event that occurred during the last quarter of that millennium, the end of the Late Bronze Age. The conclusion is that in spite of significant improvements in methodology in recent years, the quantity and quality of radiocarbon data are still insufficient to define the range of that date to much better than a century. It is concluded that the most likely date of the Late Bronze/Iron Age transition (here defined by the arrival of Mycenaean LH IIIC:1b pottery in the Levant) is somewhere in the 8-decade range between ∼1170 to 1100 BCE. A comparative study of archaeological and historical evidence would appear to favor the lower value.

Bone collagen stable isotope analysis of a Bronze Age site of Liushugou and its implication for subsistence strategy in arid northwest China

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 095968362097025
Author(s):  
Weimiao Dong ◽  
Cheng-Bang An ◽  
Yongqiang Wang ◽  
Wanglin Hu ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Subsistence Strategy ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Eastern Tianshan ◽  
Carbon Isotopic

Several studies have revealed the subsistence strategies of Bronze Age people along Eastern Tianshan Mountains. However, all the previously revolved sites were permanent settlements. How people survived in arid harsh mountainous environment facing source scarcity during Bronze Age in the inner Asia is far beyond clear. This study focuses on bone carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analysis of both human and faunal assemblage exhumed from Liushugou site, integrated with marcobotanical result and radiocarbon data to reveal human diets and subsistence strategy of this Bronze Age community. Stable carbon isotopic analysis of human bones (−19.1‰ to −17.2‰, −18.1 ± 0.4‰, n = 46) and macrobotanical results (barley) consistently indicating a nearly pure C3 based plants food intake. High δ15N values of the majority people (12.4‰ to 15.1‰, 13.4 ± 0.5‰, n = 44) point to heavy animal protein consumption. No detectable isotopic composition was observed between omnivores (boar, −19.0‰ and −17.5‰, 8.2‰ and 8.7‰, n = 2) and large number of herbivores (−20.0‰ to −9.7‰, −18 ± 1.7‰; 5.5‰ to 13.4‰, 8.4 ± 1.7‰; n = 56). Compared to those sites along Eastern Tianshan Mts. whose diets included millets/barley/wheat, humans at Liushugou site barely consumed millets during their occupation (3500–2900 cal BP). The diverse subsistence strategies of human populations demonstrate the active adaptations to different environment along Eastern Tianshan Mts. during Bronze Age.

scholarly journals Pottery Complexes of the Ust’-Kova Geoarcheological Area in the Lower Angara Region (Based on Materials of 2008–2011)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Nikolay I. Drozdov ◽  
Victor P. Leontev ◽  
Dmitry A. Gurulev ◽  
Kseniya V. Biryuleva
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
The Middle Ages

Purpose. As a result of preparations for the flooding of the Boguchan Hydroelectric Power Station reservoir bed, the Lower Angara region has witnessed increased activity as an archeological source base in recent years. It initiated the development of studies on the taxonomy of pottery traditions, both in the region and in adjacent territories, their chronology and interaction models. A number of informative archaeological sites at the estuary of the Kova River were excavated in large-scale horizontal exposures. Morphological analysis of the most informative part of the collection of surveys of 2008–2011, its comparative studies and the subsequent analysis of the spatial and stratigraphic context of the wares were the object of this paper. Results. A number of pottery groups were identified and their cultural-chronological attribution was proposed. Pottery of the Middle Ages predominate – Ust’-Kova type vessels, wares decorated with thin and smearing cordons, combed decorated pottery. The period of the Early Iron Age is represented by the Tsepan’ culture pottery, vessels with ‘wisp’ cordons and thin cordons decorated with finger pinches. Morphologically heterogeneous ‘pearl-ribbed’ pottery is attributed to the Bronze Age. Among the Neolithic ceramics, ‘net-impressed’ pottery (including the Aplin type), wares of Posol’sk and Ust’-Belaya types, as well as vessels close to Serovo pottery were presented. The complexes of the Early Iron Age – the Middle Ages have little information content due to the fact that the upper culture-bearing sediments are largely disturbed. There is a tendency toward a shift of site zones from the Angara coast in the Neolithic and Bronze Age to the right bank of the Kova River in subsequent periods. Conclusion. The collection includes wares dating from the Neolithic to the ‘Russian’ time. Conclusions about the information content of materials of cultural layers for further research are made. A subsequent collation of observations on settlement location trends will be able to reveal mobility patterns among carriers of various pottery traditions.

scholarly journals Animal husbandry from the Middle Bronze Age through the Iron Age in the Shephelah—faunal remains from the new excavations at Lachish

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyama Vermeersch ◽  
Simone Riehl ◽  
Britt M. Starkovich ◽  
Katharina Streit ◽  
Felix Höflmayer
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Faunal Analysis ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Iron Age Ii ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Synchronic Comparison

AbstractLachish (Tell ed-Duweir) is located in the southern part of the Judean foothills, known as the Shephelah, and is one of the larger and most extensively excavated multi-period sites in the southern Levant. We present the faunal results of the first three seasons of the most recent excavations, the Austrian-Israeli Expedition to Tel Lachish. The expedition focusses on two areas of the tell encompassing the Middle Bronze Age III through the Iron Age II, area S (deep section) and area P (palace area). The aims for the faunal analysis are threefold: comparing the results between the two areas, seeing how our results compare to previous analyses, and comparing Lachish to other synchronous sites in the Shephelah. We observe differences in subsistence strategies between the areas in addition to diachronic differences. Ovicaprids dominate all assemblages, but we see shifts in the sheep to goat ratio and mortality profiles through time indicating changes in subsistence strategies. Our new results largely agree with the results from previous analyses, showing the value of previous studies and their potential compatibility with newer research. A synchronic comparison of Lachish within the Shephelah shows the occupants of the site were largely self-sufficient but possibly engaged in an exchange of resources in the vicinity.

scholarly journals Further work at Kilise Tepe, 2007-2011: refining the Bronze to Iron Age transition

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 95-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Bouthillier ◽  
Carlo Colantoni ◽  
Sofie Debruyne ◽  
Claudia Glatz ◽  
Mette Marie Hald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
North West ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Central Strip ◽  
Research Questions

AbstractThe excavations at Kilise Tepe in the 1990s inevitably left a range of research questions unanswered, and our second spell of work at the site from 2007 to 2011 sought to address some of these, relating to the later second and early first millennia. This article gathers the architectural and stratigraphie results of the renewed excavations, presenting the fresh information about the layout and character of the Late Bronze Age North-West Building and the initial phases of the Stele Building which succeeded it, including probable symbolic practices, and describing the complex stratigraphic sequence in the Central Strip sounding which covers the lapse of time from the 12th down to the seventh century. There follow short reports on the analyses of the botanical and faunal materials recovered, a summary of the results from the relevant radiocarbon dating samples and separate studies addressing issues resulting from the continuing study of the ceramics from the different contexts. Taken together, a complex picture emerges of changes in settlement layout, archi¬tectural traditions, use of external space, artefact production and subsistence strategies during the centuries which separate the Level III Late Bronze Age settlement from the latest Iron Age occupation around 700 BC.

EXPLORING MOBILITY PATTERNS AND BIOLOGICAL AFFINITIES IN THE SOUTHERN AEGEAN: FIRST INSIGHTS FROM EARLY BRONZE AGE EASTERN CRETE

2015 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevi Triantaphyllou ◽  
Efthymia Nikita ◽  
Thomas Kador
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Strontium Isotope ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Biological Distance ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Human Skeletal Remains ◽  
First Time

This paper presents the results of a pilot project which combines, for the first time, biodistance and strontium isotope analyses in the study of human skeletal remains from Early Bronze Age Crete (third millennium bc). Information from these analyses offers, in a direct way, insights into the biological distance, and consequently the gene flow and mobility patterns, among human populations in eastern Crete. The results are synthesised with the evidence of funerary practices in order to explore the nature of interaction among communities in eastern Crete. The biodistance analysis supports a strong genetic affinity between the populations represented at the two Kephala Petras skeletal assemblages, while the results of the available strontium isotope analysis favour their local origin; thus the combined results suggest the lack of significant population influx. The biological distance of the two chronologically contemporary populations at Livari-Skiadi, also manifesting completely different patterns of mortuary disposal, is of particular interest since it contrasts with the Petras situation and raises issues of intra-community distinctions, cultural and biological.

The Iconography of Divinity: El

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-208
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Material Object ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
Solid Block

The literary portrayals of El worship must be complemented by a look at the aesthetically physical. Was El imagined in the form of an enthroned, benevolent patriarch or a majestic bull or even a solid block of stone? Chapter Five situates the iconography of El within a comparative study of ancient Israel’s neighbors, especially the robust El religion of Late Bronze Age Syria (Ugarit). Methodologically, the chapter examines the misuse of comparative iconography prior to articulating criteria for determining whether a material object represents the divine. The numerous cults of standing stones or masseboth (known elsewhere as betyls or “houses of El”) attested archaeologically throughout Iron Age Israel’s history are discussed including at the key sites of Shechem, the so-called “Bull Site,” Hazor, Arad, Tel Dan and Khirbet Ataruz. Possible theriomorphic representations of El (especially as a lion and bull) in text and material culture are also discussed.

The Excavation of a Settlement of the Later Bronze Age and Iron Age at Myrehead, Falkirk District

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Ring Groove ◽  
Domestic Activity ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
Actual Settlement

SUMMARY Myrehead has revealed the eroded remnants of activity from the Beaker period (Period A) onwards, with actual settlement evinced only from about the early first millennium be. The three houses and the cooking pits of Period B may have been constructed and used sequentially. This open settlement was probably replaced during the mid first millennium bc, possibly without a break, by a palisaded enclosure (Period C), which may have contained a ring-groove house and a four-post structure. Continued domestic activity (Period D) was suggested by a single pit outside the enclosure, dated to the late first millennium bc/early first millennium ad. The limited evidence of the economy of the settlements suggests a mixed farming system.

From the bronze age to the iron age

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Grecian ◽  
Safwaan Adam ◽  
Akheel Syed
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The Bronze Age
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