scholarly journals The influence of environmental drivers on the enrichment of organic carbon in the sea surface microlayer and in submicron aerosol particles – measurements from the Atlantic Ocean

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela van Pinxteren ◽  
Stefan Barthel ◽  
Khanneh Wadinga Fomba ◽  
Konrad Müller ◽  
Wolf von Tümpling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

The export of organic matter from ocean to atmosphere represents a substantial carbon flux in the Earth system, yet the impact of environmental drivers on this transfer is not fully understood. This work presents dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) concentrations, their enrichment factors in the sea surface microlayer (SML), and equivalent measurements in marine aerosol particles across the Atlantic Ocean. DOC concentrations averaged 161 ± 139 µmol L–1 (n = 78) in bulk seawater and 225 ± 175 µmol L–1 (n = 79) in the SML; POC concentrations averaged 13 ± 11 µmol L–1 (n = 80) and 17 ± 10 µmol L–1 (n = 80), respectively. High DOC and POC enrichment factors were observed when samples had low concentrations, and lower enrichments when concentrations were high. The impacts of wind speed and chlorophyll-a levels on concentrations and enrichment of DOC and POC in seawater were insignificant. In ambient submicron marine aerosol particles the concentration of water-soluble organic carbon was approximately 0.2 µg m–3. Water-insoluble organic carbon concentrations varied between 0.01 and 0.9 µg m–3, with highest concentrations observed when chlorophyll-a concentrations were high. Concerted measurements of bulk seawater, the SML and aerosol particles enabled calculation of enrichment factors of organic carbon in submicron marine ambient aerosols, which ranged from 103 to 104 during periods of low chlorophyll-a concentrations and up to 105 when chlorophyll-a levels were high. The results suggest that elevated local biological activity enhances the enrichment of marine-sourced organic carbon on aerosol particles. However, implementation of the results in source functions based on wind speed and chlorophyll-a concentrations underestimated the organic fraction at low biological activity by about 30%. There may be additional atmospheric and oceanic parameters to consider for accurately predicting organic fractions on aerosol particles.

scholarly journals Glyoxal and methylglyoxal in Atlantic seawater and marine aerosol particles: method development and first application during the Polarstern cruise ANT XXVII/4

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 11791-11802 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van Pinxteren ◽  
H. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Significant Enrichment

Abstract. An analytical method for the determination of the alpha dicarbonyls glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) from seawater and marine aerosol particles is presented. The method is based on derivatization with o-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) reagent, solvent extraction and GC-MS (SIM) analysis. The method showed good precision (RSD < 10%), sensitivity (detection limits in the low ng L−1 range), and accuracy (good agreement between external calibration and standard addition). The method was applied to determine GLY and MGLY in oceanic water sampled during the Polarstern cruise ANT XXVII/4 from Capetown to Bremerhaven in spring 2011. GLY and MGLY were determined in the sea surface microlayer (SML) of the ocean and corresponding bulk water (BW) with average concentrations of 228 ng L−1 (GLY) and 196 ng L−1 (MGLY). The results show a significant enrichment (factor of 4) of GLY and MGLY in the SML. Furthermore, marine aerosol particles (PM1) were sampled during the cruise and analyzed for GLY (average concentration 0.19 ng m−3) and MGLY (average concentration 0.15 ng m−3). On aerosol particles, both carbonyls show a very good correlation with oxalate, supporting the idea of a secondary formation of oxalic acid via GLY and MGLY. Concentrations of GLY and MGLY in seawater and on aerosol particles were correlated to environmental parameters such as global radiation, temperature, distance to the coastline and biological activity. There are slight hints for a photochemical production of GLY and MGLY in the SML (significant enrichment in the SML, higher enrichment at higher temperature). However, a clear connection of GLY and MGLY to global radiation as well as to biological activity cannot be concluded from the data. A slight correlation between GLY and MGLY in the SML and in aerosol particles could be a hint for interactions, in particular of GLY, between seawater and the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Glyoxal and methylglyoxal in Atlantic seawater and marine aerosol particles: method development and first application during the Polarstern cruise ANT XXVII/4

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 15301-15331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van Pinxteren ◽  
H. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Significant Enrichment

Abstract. An analytical method for the determination of the alpha dicarbonyls glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) from seawater and marine aerosol samples is presented. The method is based on derivatisation with o-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) reagent, solvent extraction and GC-MS (SIM) analysis. The method showed good precision (RSD <10%), sensitivity (detection limits in the low ng L−1 range), and accuracy (good agreement between external calibration and standard addition). The method was applied to determine GLY and MGLY in oceanic water sampled during the POLARSTERN cruise ANT XXVII/4 from Capetown to Bremerhaven in spring 2011. GLY and MGLY were determined in the sea surface microlayer (SML) of the ocean and corresponding bulkwater (BW) with average concentrations of 228 ng L−1 (GLY) and 196 ng L−1 (MGLY). The results show a significant enrichment (factor of 4) of GLY and MGLY in the SML. Furthermore, marine aerosol particles (PM1) were sampled during the cruise and analyzed for GLY (average concentration 0.19 ng m−3) and MGLY (average concentration 0.15 ng m−3). On aerosol particles, both carbonyls show a very good correlation with oxalate, supporting the idea of a secondary formation of oxalic acid via GLY and MGLY. Concentrations of GLY and MGLY in seawater and on aerosol particles were correlated to environmental parameters such as global radiation, temperature, distance to the coastline and biological activity. There are slight hints for a photochemical production of GLY and MGLY in the SML (significant enrichment in the SML, higher enrichment at higher temperature). However, a clear connection of GLY and MGLY to global radiation as well as to biological activity cannot be concluded from the data. A slight correlation between GLY and MGLY in the SML and in aerosols could be a hint for interactions of especially GLY between seawater and the atmosphere.

Enrichment of organochlorine contaminants in the sea surface microlayer: An organic carbon-driven process

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. García-Flor ◽  
C. Guitart ◽  
M. Ábalos ◽  
J. Dachs ◽  
J.M. Bayona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Organochlorine Contaminants

scholarly journals Heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of aerosol particles generated from Arctic sea surface microlayer and surface seawater samples at cirrus temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 13903-13930
Author(s):  
Robert Wagner ◽  
Luisa Ickes ◽  
Allan K. Bertram ◽  
Nora Els ◽  
Elena Gorokhova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation

Abstract. Sea spray aerosol particles are a recognised type of ice-nucleating particles under mixed-phase cloud conditions. Entities that are responsible for the heterogeneous ice nucleation ability include intact or fragmented cells of marine microorganisms as well as organic matter released by cell exudation. Only a small fraction of sea spray aerosol is transported to the upper troposphere, but there are indications from mass-spectrometric analyses of the residuals of sublimated cirrus particles that sea salt could also contribute to heterogeneous ice nucleation under cirrus conditions. Experimental studies on the heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of sea spray aerosol particles and their proxies at temperatures below 235 K are still scarce. In our article, we summarise previous measurements and present a new set of ice nucleation experiments at cirrus temperatures with particles generated from sea surface microlayer and surface seawater samples collected in three different regions of the Arctic and from a laboratory-grown diatom culture (Skeletonema marinoi). The particles were suspended in the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) cloud chamber and ice formation was induced by expansion cooling. We confirmed that under cirrus conditions, apart from the ice-nucleating entities mentioned above, also crystalline inorganic salt constituents can contribute to heterogeneous ice formation. This takes place at temperatures below 220 K, where we observed in all experiments a strong immersion freezing mode due to the only partially deliquesced inorganic salts. The inferred ice nucleation active surface site densities for this nucleation mode reached a maximum of about 5×1010 m−2 at an ice saturation ratio of 1.3. Much smaller densities in the range of 108–109 m−2 were observed at temperatures between 220 and 235 K, where the inorganic salts fully deliquesced and only the organic matter and/or algal cells and cell debris could contribute to heterogeneous ice formation. These values are 2 orders of magnitude smaller than those previously reported for particles generated from microlayer suspensions collected in temperate and subtropical zones. While this difference might simply underline the strong variability of the number of ice-nucleating entities in the sea surface microlayer across different geographical regions, we also discuss how instrumental parameters like the aerosolisation method and the ice nucleation measurement technique might affect the comparability of the results amongst different studies.

scholarly journals Bacterial-viral interactions in the sea surface microlayer of a black carbon-dominated tropical coastal ecosystem (Halong Bay, Vietnam)

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Pradeep Ram ◽  
X. Mari ◽  
J. Brune ◽  
J.P. Torréton ◽  
V.T. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Production ◽  
Lytic Infection ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Halong Bay ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
The Impact

Increasing human activity has raised concerns about the impact of deposition of anthropogenic combustion aerosols (i.e., black carbon; BC) on marine processes. The sea surface microlayer (SML) is a key gate for the introduction of atmospheric BC into the ocean; however, relatively little is known of the effects of BC on bacteria-virus interactions, which can strongly influence microbially mediated processes. To study the impact of BC on bacteria-virus interactions, field investigations involving collection from the SML and underlying water were carried out in Halong Bay (Vietnam). Most inorganic nutrient concentrations, as well as dissolved organic carbon, were modestly but significantly higher (p = 0.02–0.05) in the SML than in underlying water. The concentrations of particulate organic carbon (though not chlorophyll a) and of total particulate carbon, which was composed largely of particulate BC (mean = 1.7 ± 6.4 mmol L–1), were highly enriched in the SML, and showed high variability among stations. On average, microbial abundances (both bacteria and viruses) and bacterial production were 2- and 5fold higher, respectively, in the SML than in underlying water. Significantly lower bacterial production (p &lt; 0.01) was observed in the particulate fraction (&gt;3 µm) compared to the bulk sample, but our data overall suggest that bacterial production in the SML was stimulated by particulate BC. Higher bacterial production in the SML than in underlying water supported high viral lytic infection rates (from 5.3 to 30.1%) which predominated over percent lysogeny (from undetected to 1.4%). The sorption of dissolved organic carbon by black carbon, accompanied by the high lytic infection rate in the black carbon-enriched SML, may modify microbially mediated processes and shift the net ecosystem metabolism (ratio of production and respiration) to net heterotrophy and CO2 production in this critical layer between ocean and atmosphere.

scholarly journals Succession of the sea-surface microlayer in the coastal Baltic Sea under natural and experimentally induced low-wind conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2975-2988 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Stolle ◽  
K. Nagel ◽  
M. Labrenz ◽  
K. Jürgens
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

Abstract. The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is located within the boundary between the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The high spatial and temporal variability of the SML's properties, however, have hindered a clear understanding of interactions between biotic and abiotic parameters at or across the air-water interface. Among the factors changing the physical and chemical environment of the SML, wind speed is an important one. In order to examine the temporal effects of minimized wind influence, SML samples were obtained from the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea and from mesocosm experiments in a marina to study naturally and artificially calmed sea surfaces. Organic matter concentrations as well as abundance, 3H-thymidine incorporation, and the community composition of bacteria in the SML (bacterioneuston) compared to the underlying bulk water (ULW) were analyzed. In all SML samples, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen were only slightly enriched and showed low temporal variability, whereas particulate organic carbon and nitrogen were generally greatly enriched and highly variable. This was especially pronounced in a dense surface film (slick) that developed during calm weather conditions as well as in the artificially calmed mesocosms. Overall, bacterioneuston abundance and productivity correlated with changing concentrations of particulate organic matter. Moreover, changes in the community composition in the field study were stronger in the particle-attached than in the non-attached bacterioneuston. This implies that decreasing wind enhances the importance of particle-attached assemblages and finally induces a succession of the bacterial community in the SML. Eventually, under very calm meteorological conditions, there is an uncoupling of the bacterioneuston from the ULW.

scholarly journals Revisiting properties and concentrations of ice nucleating particles in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic during summer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria E. Irish ◽  
Sarah Hanna ◽  
Yu Xi ◽  
Matthew Boyer ◽  
Elena Polishchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Seawater Samples

Abstract. Despite growing evidence that the ocean is an important source of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere, our understanding of the properties and concentrations of INPs in ocean surface waters remain limited. We have investigated the properties and concentrations of INPs in sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater samples collected in the Canadian Arctic during the summer of 2016. We observed that 1) INPs were ubiquitous in the microlayer and bulk waters; 2) heat and filtration treatments reduced INP activity, indicating that the INPs were likely heat-labile biological materials between 0.2 and 0.02 μm in diameter; 3) there was a strong negative correlation between salinity and freezing temperatures, possibly due to INPs associated with melting sea ice; and 4) concentrations of INPs could not be explained by satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentrations. Although the spatial patterns of INPs and salinities were similar in 2014 and 2016, we did observe some differences between the years, notably: 1) the concentrations of INPs were higher on average in 2016 compared to 2014; and 2) INP concentrations were enhanced in the microlayer compared to bulk seawater in several samples collected in 2016, which was not the case in 2014.

scholarly journals Oxygen Profiles Across the Sea-Surface Microlayer—Effects of Diffusion and Biological Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Rahlff ◽  
Christian Stolle ◽  
Helge-Ansgar Giebel ◽  
Mariana Ribas-Ribas ◽  
Lars Riis Damgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Oxygen Profiles

Calcium bridging drives polysaccharide co-adsorption to a proxy sea surface microlayer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Anne Carter-Fenk ◽  
Abigal Dommer ◽  
Michelle E. Fiamingo ◽  
Jeongin Kim ◽  
Rommie Amaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Co Adsorption ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Significant Mass

Saccharides comprise a significant mass fraction of organic carbon in sea spray aerosol (SSA), but the mechanisms through which saccharides are transferred from seawater to the ocean surface and eventually...

scholarly journals Oceanic efflux of ancient marine dissolved organic carbon in primary marine aerosol

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. eaax6535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Beaupré ◽  
David J. Kieber ◽  
William C. Keene ◽  
Michael S. Long ◽  
John R. Maben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Marine Organic Carbon

Breaking waves produce bubble plumes that burst at the sea surface, injecting primary marine aerosol (PMA) highly enriched with marine organic carbon (OC) into the atmosphere. It is widely assumed that this OC is modern, produced by present-day biological activity, even though nearly all marine OC is thousands of years old, produced by biological activity long ago. We used natural abundance radiocarbon (14C) measurements to show that 19 to 40% of the OC associated with freshly produced PMA was refractory dissolved OC (RDOC). Globally, this process removes 2 to 20 Tg of RDOC from the oceans annually, comparable to other RDOC losses. This process represents a major removal pathway for old OC from the sea, with important implications for oceanic and atmospheric biogeochemistry, the global carbon cycle, and climate.

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