The Impact of Gender-Based Family Roles on Criminal Sentencing

This article is based on a study of gender-based violence against women with disabilities. The study sought to examine the factors that make such women vulnerable, to investigate the communityâ€™s responses to gender-based violence against women with disabilities, and to determine the impact of gender-based violence on the wellbeing and health of women with disabilities. The study adopted a qualitative research design so as to arrive at an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under study. The study sample consisted of 48 disabled women living in marital or common law unions, selected using purposive sampling. Of the 48 women in the sample, 16 were visually impaired while the remaining 32 had other physical disabilities. Focus group discussions were used for data collection. The data were analysed using the thematic approach. The finding was that women with disabilities also experience gender-based violence. The study makes recommendations whose thrust is to change community perceptions on disability as the only guarantee towards eradicating gender-based violence against women with disabilities.

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Legislating Against Hate Crime in New Zealand: The Need to Recognise Gender-Based Violence

Victoria University of Wellington Law Review ◽

10.26686/vuwlr.v35i3.5702 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 591 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Charlotte Brown

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Hate Crime ◽

Criminal Sentencing ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Gender Based

Section 9(1)(h) of the Sentencing Act 2002 provides that hate crime is to be taken into account as an aggravating factor when sentencing. Yet gender is excluded from the listed grounds of hostility. This article critically examines the exclusion of gender-based hate crime in New Zealand in relation to criminal sentencing. It advocates that there is a need to recognise such hate crime and proposes a reformulated section 9(1)(h) to achieve this.

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The Impact of COVID-19 Related Lockdown on the Prevalence of Spousal Violence Against Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260521997929 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052199792

Author(s):

Kazhan I. Mahmood ◽

Sherzad A. Shabu ◽

Karwan M. M-Amen ◽

Salar S. Hussain ◽

Diana A. Kako ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Violence Against Women ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Spousal Violence ◽

Kurdistan Region ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Impact

There is increasing concern about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown’s social and economic consequences on gender-based violence. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence by comparing the prevalence of spousal violence against women before and during the COVID-19 related lockdown periods. This study was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq using a self-administered online questionnaire survey after the COVID-19 lockdown period in June 2020. Data were collected from a sample of 346 married women about the occurrence, frequency, and forms of spousal violence before and during the lockdown period. Significant increases in violence were observed from the pre-lockdown period to the lockdown period for any violence (32.1% to 38.7%, p = .001), emotional abuse (29.5% to 35.0%, p = .005), and physical violence (12.7% to 17.6%, p = .002). Regarding emotional abuse, humiliation (24.6% to 28.3%, p = .041) and scaring or intimidation (14.2% to 21.4%, p < .001) significantly increased during the lockdown. For physical violence, twisting the arm or pulling hair (9.0% to 13.0%, p = .004) and hitting (5.2% to 9.2%, p = .003) significantly increased during the lockdown. Forcing to have sexual intercourse also significantly increased during lockdown (6.6% to 9.5%., p = .021). The concerned authorities and women’s rights organizations should collaborate to enhance the prevention of violence against women. An effective prevention strategy should emphasize recognizing and acknowledging the extent of the problem, raising awareness about the problem and the available resources to address it, and ensuring social and economic stability. Lessons learned about the increased prevalence of spousal violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to adopt appropriate strategies to prevent and address it will be valuable for similar future crises.

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Women Garment Workers Face Huge Inequities in Global Supply Chain Factories Made Worse by COVID-19

NEW SOLUTIONS A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy ◽

10.1177/10482911211011605 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104829112110116

Author(s):

Garrett D. Brown

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Women Workers ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Professional Associations ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Garment Workers ◽

Gender Based ◽

Structural Inequities ◽

Corporate Social ◽

The Impact

Women make up the large majority of workers in global supply chains, especially factories in the apparel supply chain. These workers face significant inequalities in wages, workplace hazards, and a special burden of gender-based violence and harassment. These “normal” conditions have been compounded by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exacerbated long-standing structural inequities. Decades of well-financed “corporate social responsibility” programs have failed because they do not address the underlying causes of illegal and abusive working conditions. New initiatives in the past half-decade offer promise in putting the needs and rights of workers front and center. Occupational health and safety professionals can assist in the global effort to improve working and social conditions, and respect for the rights and dignity of women workers, through advocacy and action on the job, in their professional associations, and in society at large.

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The impact of gender on outcomes in patients with chronic total coronary occlusions undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from a Dutch nationwide registry including 7560 patients

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1355 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

A Van Veelen ◽

J Elias ◽

I.M Van Dongen ◽

J.P.S Henriques ◽

P Knaapen

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽

Survival Curve ◽

Coronary Intervention ◽

Chronic Total Occlusions ◽

Nationwide Registry ◽

Percutaneous Coronary ◽

Baseline Characteristics ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Females comprise a minority of patients with chronic total occlusions (CTO). It is known that men have a greater benefit from CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) than women. We aimed to determine gender-based differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes after PCI in patients with CTO. Methods The Netherlands Heart Registration (NHR) is a nationwide registry that registers outcomes of cardiac interventions. For the purpose of this analysis, the data of all patients undergoing PCI from inception of the NHR to December 2018 were selected, that included PCI with at least one CTO in one of the treated coronary arteries. We compared baseline characteristics and the outcomes 1 year mortality, 30 day myocardial infarction (MI) and target vessel revascularization (TVR) <1 year between men and women. Results A total of 7560 patients were identified that underwent PCI between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 with at least 1 CTO in the treated vessel. A total of 5850 was male (77.4%) and 1710 was female (22.6%). Women were older (68.5±10.6 versus 64.7±10.6 years old, p<0.001), and more frequently had diabetes (29.4% [n=529] versus 25.0% [n=1602], p<0.001) and kidney disease (4.5% [n=529] versus 2.2% [n=142], p<0.001). However, men had more extensive cardiovascular disease, i.e. multi-vessel disease (56.0% [n=3584] versus 50.4% [n=912], p<0.001), previous MI (39.7% [n=2527] versus 31.0% [n=555], p<0.001), previous PCI (48.2% [n=1967] versus 40.2% [n=455], p<0.001) and previous coronary artery bypass grafting (16.8% [n=1085] versus 10.5% [n=191], p<0.001) and more frequently presented with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, compared to women (2.1% [n=136] versus 1.1% [n=20], p=0.004). The 1-year mortality was higher in women (10.3% versus 7.5%, p<0.001), as well as the 30-day MI (0.9% versus 0.4%, p=0.043), but men had higher risk for TVR<1 year (11.7% versus 9.5%, p=0.044). Corrected for age and comorbidities, female gender was an independent predictor for mortality (Figure 1; odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.08–3.11, p=0.025). Conclusion In this nationwide registry comprising 7560 CTO patients undergoing PCI, significant gender-based differences were found. Males were found to have more extensive cardiovascular disease. However, females were at higher risk of mortality, possibly due to higher age and higher prevalence of concomitant comorbidities. Figure 1. Survival curve Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

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Custody and Care of Children in Spain: Can the Two Rights be Reconciled?

Feminist Legal Studies ◽

10.1007/s10691-021-09466-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marcela Jabbaz Churba

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Parental Authority ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Judicial Process ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender ◽

Children’S Voices ◽

The Impact

AbstractThis study aims to analyse the legal decision-making process in the Community of Valencia (Spain) regarding contentious divorces particularly with respect to parental authority (patria potestas), custody and visiting arrangements for children, and the opinions of mothers and fathers on the impact these judicial measures have had on their lives. It also considers the biases in these decisions produced by privileging the rights of the adults over those of the children. Three particular moments are studied: (1) the situation before the break-up, focusing on the invisible gender gap in care; (2) the judicial process, where we observe the impact of hidden gender-based violence and gender stereotypes; and (3) the situation post-decision, showing how any existing violence continues after divorce, by means of parental authority. The concept of ‘motherhood under threat’ is placed at the centre of these issues, where children’s voices are given the least attention.

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Measuring gender-based violence risk mitigation in humanitarian settings: results from a comprehensive desk review and systematic mapping

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050887 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e050887

Author(s):

Jocelyn TD Kelly ◽

Emily Ausubel ◽

Emma Kenny ◽

Meredith Blake ◽

Christine Heckman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Mitigation ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Systematic Mapping ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Humanitarian Response ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Impact

ObjectivesTo systematically document measurement approaches used in the monitoring and evaluation of gender-based violence (GBV) risk mitigation activities, categorise the types of available literature produced by sector, identify existing tools and measures and identify knowledge gaps within the humanitarian sector.DesignSystematic mapping and in-depth review.Data sources: Pubmed, Global Health, PsychInfo, ReliefWeb, OpenGrey (grey literature), Google Scholar, Web of Science (Social Science Index)Eligibility criteria: a structured search strategy was systematically applied to 17 databases as well as registers, websites and other resources to identify materials published between 1 January 2005 and 15 May 2019.Data extraction and synthesis: Those resources that met the inclusion criteria underwent a comprehensive full-text review. A detailed matrix was developed and key data from each resource were extracted to allow for the assessment of patterns in thematic areas.ResultsA total of 2108 documents were screened. Overall, 145 documents and 112 tools were reviewed, representing 10 different humanitarian sectors. While numerous resources exist, many lack sufficient information on how to monitor outputs or outcomes of GBV risk mitigation activities. There is also limited guidance on how to integrate the measurement of GBV risk mitigation into existing monitoring and evaluation frameworks. Those reports that aimed to measure GBV risk mitigation activities mostly employed qualitative methods and few measured the impact of a GBV risk mitigation with robust research designs.ConclusionsRecent efforts to adapt humanitarian response to COVID-19 have highlighted new and existing challenges for GBV risk mitigation. There is a significant gap in the evidence base around the effectiveness of GBV risk mitigation across all sectors. Understanding and strengthening measurement approaches in GBV risk mitigation remains a critical task for humanitarian response.

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Gender Asymmetry of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students in Russia and China

Journal of Applied Economic Research ◽

10.15826/vestnik.2021.20.1.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 133-147

Author(s):

Ullah Abid ◽

Keyword(s):

Vital Role ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Correlation Technique ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Male And Female ◽

Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽

Excess Number ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Unemployed ◽

The Impact

Entrepreneurship is now considered to be an urgent solution for handling large pools of young graduates around the world. These crucial situations where universities are creating an excess number of graduates as compared to jobs availability increase the pressure on graduates as well as policy makers and educators. Entrepreneurship in this case does not only handle the burden of the unemployed among the youth but also positively improves the economic development of the country’s economy. In becoming entrepreneurs, graduates do not only create jobs for themselves but for other as well and play a vital role in the development of the economy. This paper explains gender-based entrepreneurship intentions amongst students of Russia and China (3 universities in China, 3 in Russia). A questionnaire was developed to find the impact of different behavior factors on male and female students of Russia and China. In terms of methodology, the quantitative technique was used to collect the data. The entrepreneurial spirit is explained after analyzing the data from three universities in each country. The six universities numbering 468 student respondents were analyzed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. To find out the association amongst different variables, multiple regression and correlation technique were used. The results also show an association of gender with entrepreneurship in students in both countries. However, in case of Russia male respondents showed higher intention than female respondents. To maintain the same role of male and female members in the society, development suggestions for educators and policy makers are presented.

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The impact of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians: French zone on church and African theology issues

Verbum et Ecclesia ◽

10.4102/ve.v37i2.1597 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anastasie M. Maponda

Keyword(s):

Two Dimensions ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

African Women ◽

African Woman ◽

Women Empowerment ◽

African Theology ◽

History Of ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Impact ◽

Intuitive Sense

We can understand that the Circle must work on two dimensions to provide a future for new woman theology in Africa. The first dimension is based on the intuitive fundamental and innovative sense of a woman from Ghana, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, that leads to the creation of the Circle: she impulsed the idea that women should make their own theology from their dailylife experiences and their subjectivity as women, in order to think on faith and Gospel in a different way. It is necessary to question that intuitive sense. The second dimension aims to revisit the great personalities of African woman theologians of the Circle. What are the essential points of their research? How has the research changed African theology? I particularly think of Musimbi Kanyoro, Nyambura Njoroge and Musa Dub� in the Africa English zone and Helene Yinda, Liz Vuadi, Kasa Dovi and Bernadette Mbuyi Beya in Africa French zone. The essence of their thinking is still actual and that is why they are good enough to project in to the future.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article presents the history of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians from creation to now. Issues related to traditional culture, gender and sexual-based violence, gender-based injustice, and HIV and AIDS are discussed under different approaches such as the biblical approach, hermeneutical approach, ethical approach, historical approach and practical approach. The impact of African Women Theologians speaking French will be particularly highlighted.Keywords: theology; women theologians; women empowerment; HIV/AIDS; gender

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