Performance of Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Ethanol Dual Injection Spark Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 9082-9093
Author(s):  
NIZAR F.O. AL-MUHSEN ◽  
Guang Hong ◽  
Firas Basim Ismail
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Nitric Oxides ◽  
Ethanol Fuel ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Dual Injection

Ethanol dual injection (DualEI) is a new technology to maximise the benefits of ethanol fuel to the spark-ignition engine. In this study, the combustion and emissions characteristics in a DualEI spark-ignition engine with a variation of the direct injection (DI) ratio and engine speed were experimentally investigated. The volume ratio of DI was varied from 0% (DI0%) to 100% (DI100%), and two engine speeds of 3500 and 4000 RPM were tested. The spark timing for maximum brake torque (MBT) was first determined, and then the results of the effect of DI ratio on the engine performance at the MBT conditions were discussed and analysed. The results showed that the MBT timing for the DI and spark timings were 330 and 30 CAD bTDC, respectively. At the MBT timing, the indicated mean effective pressure slightly increased from 0.47 to 0.50 MPa when the DI ratio increased from DI0% to DI100%. However, the maximum combustion pressure significantly decreased by 8.32%, and volumetric efficiency increased by 4.04%. This was attributed to the reduced combustion temperature due to the cooling effect of ethanol fuel enhanced by the DI strategy. The indicated specific carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons significantly increased due to poor mixture quality caused by fuel impingement associated with the overcooling effect. However, the indicated specific nitric oxides significantly decreased due to the temperature reduction inside the combustion chamber. Results showed the potential of DualEI to increase the compression ratio and consequently increase the engine thermal efficiency without the risk of engine knock.

Effect of Spark Timing on Performance of a Hydrogen Gasoline Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 713-715 ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Bo Shi ◽  
Xiu Min Yu ◽  
Ping Sun
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Energy Fraction ◽  
Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Excess Air ◽  
Spark Timing

Hydrogen-gasoline blends is an effective way to improving the performance of spark ignition engine at stoichiometric and lean conditions. Spark timing is one of the important parameters affect the engine performance. This paper investigated the effect of spark timing on performance of a hydrogen-gasoline engine. A four cylinder, gasoline direct injection engine was modified to be a gasoline port injection, hydrogen direct injection engine. The hydrogen energy fraction was set as 0% and 30%. For a specified hydrogen addition, the engine was operated at four excess air ratios of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5. Under the specified excess air ratio condition, the spark timing was varied from 4 to 19°CA before top dead center (BTDC) with an interval of 3°CA. The test result showed that the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) climb up and then decline with the increase of spark advance. For hydrogen-gasoline engine, the optimum spark timing for the max IMEP was retarded at a specified excess air ratio. The max thermal efficiency appeared at the optimum spark timing.

Large-eddy simulation analysis of knock in a direct injection spark ignition engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 765-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Robert ◽  
Karine Truffin ◽  
Nicolas Iafrate ◽  
Stephane Jay ◽  
Olivier Colin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Eddy Simulation ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Oscillation Analysis ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Large Eddy ◽  
Direct Injection Spark Ignition

Downsized spark ignition engines running under high loads have become more and more attractive for car manufacturers because of their increased thermal efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. However, the occurrence of abnormal combustions promoted by the thermodynamic conditions encountered in such engines limits their practical operating range, especially in high efficiency and low fuel consumption regions. One of the main abnormal combustion is knock, which corresponds to an auto-ignition of end gases during the flame propagation initiated by the spark plug. Knock generates pressure waves which can have long-term damages on the engine, that is why the aim for car manufacturers is to better understand and predict knock appearance. However, an experimental study of such recurrent but non-cyclic phenomena is very complex, and these difficulties motivate the use of computational fluid dynamics for better understanding them. In the present article, large-eddy simulation (LES) is used as it is able to represent the instantaneous engine behavior and thus to quantitatively capture cyclic variability and knock. The proposed study focuses on the large-eddy simulation analysis of knock for a direct injection spark ignition engine. A spark timing sweep available in the experimental database is simulated, and 15 LES cycles were performed for each spark timing. Wall temperatures, which are a first-order parameter for knock prediction, are obtained using a conjugate heat transfer study. Present work points out that LES is able to describe the in-cylinder pressure envelope whatever the spark timing, even if the sample of LES cycles is limited compared to the 500 cycles recorded in the engine test bench. The influence of direct injection and equivalence ratio stratifications on combustion is also (MAPO) analyzed. Finally, focusing on knock, a Maximum Amplitude Pressure Oscillation analysis (MAPO) is conducted for both experimental and numerical pressure traces pointing out that LES well reproduces experimental knock tendencies.

Co-effects of fuel research octane number and ethanol injection ratio on dual-fuel spark-ignition engine

2019 ◽  
pp. 146808741986658
Author(s):  
Yong Qian ◽  
Yuan Feng ◽  
Chenxu Jiang ◽  
Zilong Li ◽  
Qiyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Ethanol Injection ◽  
Research Octane Number ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Commercial Gasoline ◽  
Direct Injection Spark Ignition

The combustion and emission characteristics of a dual-fuel spark-ignition engine with direct injection of gasoline surrogates and port injection of ethanol were studied. Toluene reference fuel with different research octane number namely TRF#1, TRF#2, TRF#3, TRF#4 and TRF#5 were employed as gasoline surrogates, in which TRF#1 with high octane number was to simulate commercial gasoline under direct-injection spark-ignition mode as comparison. For dual-fuel spark-ignition mode, the ethanol port-injection ratios were 21%, 25%, 29%, 32% and 35%, respectively. The results demonstrated that with the increase of the ethanol ratio, the knock-limited spark timing was advanced gradually. The emissions of hydrocarbon, ethane, propylene, isopentane, cyclohexane and aromatic hydrocarbons reduced while CO, NOx, ethylene, acetaldehyde and ethanol increased. Compared to TRF#1 in direct-injection spark-ignition mode, the indicated thermal efficiencies of dual-fuel spark-ignition mode were slightly lower under most test conditions. When direct injection of TRF#3, TRF#4, TRF#5 and the ethanol ratio was higher than 29%, some of the indicated thermal efficiencies of the engine were consistent with or higher than that of TRF#1 in direct-injection spark-ignition mode. Based on dual-fuel spark-ignition mode and with the assistance of port injection of ethanol, the indicated thermal efficiency of low research octane number fuels was comparable to that of TRF#1 in direct-injection spark-ignition mode.

scholarly journals Effects of Water Injection Strategies on Oxy-Fuel Combustion Characteristics of a Dual-Injection Spark Ignition Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5287
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Yiqiang Pei ◽  
Dayou Li ◽  
Tahmina Ajmal ◽  
Khaqan-Jim Rana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Injection ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Injection Strategy ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Dual Injection ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Currently, global warming has been a serious issue, which is closely related to anthropogenic emission of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) in the atmosphere, particularly Carbon Dioxide (CO2). To help achieve carbon neutrality by decreasing CO2 emissions, Oxy-Fuel Combustion (OFC) technology is becoming a hot topic in recent years. However, few findings have been reported about the implementation of OFC in dual-injection Spark Ignition (SI) engines. This work numerically explores the effects of Water Injection (WI) strategies on OFC characteristics in a practical dual-injection engine, including GDI (only using GDI), P50-G50 (50% PFI and 50% GDI) and PFI (only using PFI). The findings will help build a conceptual and theoretical foundation for the implementation of OFC technology in dual-injection SI engines, as well as exploring a solution to increase engine efficiency. The results show that compared to Conventional Air Combustion (CAC), there is a significant increase in BSFC under OFC. Ignition delay (θF) is significantly prolonged, and the spark timing is obviously advanced. Combustion duration (θC) of PFI is a bit shorter than that of GDI and P50-G50. There is a small benefit to BSFC under a low water-fuel mass ratio (Rwf). However, with the further increase of Rwf from 0.2 to 0.9, there is an increment of 4.29%, 3.6% and 3.77% in BSFC for GDI, P50-G50 and PFI, respectively. As WI timing (tWI) postpones to around −30 °CA under the conditions of Rwf ≥ 0.8, BSFC has a sharp decrease of more than 6 g/kWh, and this decline is more evident under GDI injection strategy. The variation of maximum cylinder pressure (Pmax) and combustion phasing is less affected by WI temperature (TWI) compared to the effects of Rwf or tWI. BSFC just has a small decline with the increase of TWI from 298 K to 368 K regardless of the injection strategy. Consequently, appropriate WI strategies are beneficial to OFC combustion in a dual-injection SI engine, but the benefit in fuel economy is limited.

scholarly journals Impact of Pyrolysis Oil Addition to Ethanol on Combustion in the Internal Combustion Spark Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-461
Author(s):  
Magdalena Szwaja ◽  
Mariusz Chwist ◽  
Stanislaw Szwaja ◽  
Romualdas Juknelevičius
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Spark Timing

Thermal processing (torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification), as a technology can provide environmentally friendly use of plastic waste. However, it faces a problem with respect to its by-products. Pyrolysis oil obtained using this technology is seen as a substance that is extremely harmful for living creatures and that needs to be neutralized. Due to its relatively high calorific value, it can be considered as a potential fuel for internal combustion spark-ignition engines. In order make the combustion process effective, pyrolysis oil is blended with ethanol, which is commonly used as a fuel for flexible fuel cars. This article presents results from combustion tests conducted on a single-cylinder research engine at full load working at 600 rpm at a compression ratio of 9.5:1, and an equivalence ratio of 1. The analysis showed improvements in combustion and engine performance. It was found that, due to the higher calorific value of the blend, the engine possessed a higher indicated mean effective pressure. It was also found that optimal spark timing for this ethanol-pyrolysis oil blend was improved at a crank angle of 2–3° at 600 rpm. In summary, ethanol-pyrolysis oil blends at a volumetric ratio of 3:1 (25% pyrolysis oil) can successfully substitute ethanol in spark-ignition engines, particularly for vehicles with flexible fuel type.

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