scholarly journals From Tarekat to Arab Community: the Islamization Process in Indramayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Roni Tabroni ◽  
Mumuh Muhsin Z ◽  
Reiza D Dienaputra ◽  
R.M, Mulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Community Leader ◽  
Social Movement Theory ◽  
First Order ◽  
Movement Theory ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

This research talks about the process of Islamization in Indramayu. The Islamization in Indramayu raises three main questions. The first question is, where was the arrival of Islam in Indramayu. Second, when is the appearance of Islam. Third, who has a role in the Islamization process. This research uses the historical method, which consists of four stages: heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This method was then collaborated with Islamic social movement theory to analyze the ideology of leadership and movement mobility of the propagator group of Islam in Indramayu. The results showed that the arrival of Islam in Indramayu came from the port of Cimanuk. Then spread to various areas, including in the countryside. Second, Islam has been dating in Indramayu since the 15th century. Third, some communities play a role in Islamization in Indramayu. The communities were very influential until the 19th century. They consisted of the Arab community and the adherents of the tarekat, especially from Cirebon. The first order to develop was Syattariyah. Meanwhile, the Arabic community leader from Cirebon was Sayyid Abdur Rahman bin Muhammad Basy-Syaiban. He is a figure who originated from the Hadramaut in the early seventeenth century.Penelitian ini berbicara tentang proses islamisasi di Indramayu. Proses islamisasi di Indramayu memunculkan tiga pertanyaan utama. Pertanyan pertama adalah dari mama dan di mana kedatangan islam. Kedua, kapan waktu kedatangan Islam. Ketiga, siapa yang berperan dalam proses islamisasi. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas empat tahap: heuristic, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedatangan Islam di Indramayu berasal dari pelabuhan Cimanuk. Kemudian menyebar ke berbagai daerah, termasuk di pedesaan. Kedua, Islam telah dating di Indramayu sejak abad ke 15. Ketiga, terdapat komunitas yang berperan dalam Islamisasi di Indramayu. Komunitas tersebut sangat berpengaruh sampai abad ke 19. Mereka terdiri atas komunitas Arab dan para penganut tarekat, terutama dari Cirebon. Tarekat pertama yang berkembang adalah Syattariyah. Sementara itu, tokoh komunitas arab yang berasal dari Cirebon adalah Sayyid Abdur Rahman bin Muhammad Basy-Syaiban. Ia merupakan tokoh yang berasal dari Hadramaut pada awal abad ketujuh belas.

THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

Backyards, NIMBYs, and Incinerator Sitings: Implications for Social Movement Theory

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Walsh ◽  
Rex Warland ◽  
D. Clayton Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Movement Theory ◽  
Movement Theory

Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tohri ◽  
H. Habibuddin ◽  
Abdul Rasyad
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

On the Origin of the Zaraysk Gospel

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Alexey B. Mazurov ◽  
Alexander V. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Ancient Manuscripts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church

The article considers theoretical development of the problem of the origin and provenance in the 15th — the first quarter of the 19th century of the famous Old Russian book monument — the Zaraysk Gospel. Although it has repeatedly attracted the attention of archaeographers, textologists, paleographers, linguists and art historians, this article is the first experience of studying these issues. Created in 1401 in Moscow, the Gospel, which is parchment manuscript, was purchased in 1825 by K.F. Kalaidovich for Count N.P. Rumyantsev from the Zaraysk merchant K.I. Averin, that determined its name by the place of discovery. The scribe book of Zaraysk in 1625 in the altar of the Pyatnitsky chapel of the St. Nikolas wooden church (“which’s on the square”) in the city’s Posad, recorded the description of the manuscript Gospel, corresponding by a number of features to the Zaraysk Gospel. The connection of the codex with the St. Nicholas church is indirectly confirmed by the drawing of the church placed on one of its pages (f. 156 ver.) with the remains of inscription mentioning St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This allows concluding that the manuscript in the 17th century was in the book collection of the temple. In the 17th century, the ancient St. Nicholas church was re-consecrated to the Epiphany, and the sacristy was moved to the stone St. Nicholas cathedral in Zaraysk. It is most likely that in the first quarter of the 19th century, the merchant K.I. Averin purchased the Gospel from the members of the cathedral’s clergy. The article analyzes the context of the early contributions of the 15th century “to the Miraculous Icon of St. Nikolas of Zaraysk”, one of which, most likely, was the parchment Zaraysk Gospel. The authors assume that this contribution is related to the chronicle events of 1401 or 1408. The study is significant in terms of the theoretical development of methods for identifying ancient manuscripts and their origin.

scholarly journals Development of hospital treatment of persons with mental disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milutin Nenadovic
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
The Past ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Discordances of harmonic mental functioning are as old as the human kind. Psychopathological behaviour of an individual in the past was not treated as an illness. That means that psychopathology was not considered an illness. In all past civilizations discordance of mental harmony of an individual is interpreted from the physiological aspect. Psychopathologic expression was not considered an illness, so social attitudes about psychiatric patients in the past were non-medical and generally speaking inhuman. Hospitals did not follow development of medicine for admission of psychiatric patients in past civilizations, not even in the antique era. According to historic sources, the first hospital that was meant for mental patients only was established in the 15th century, 1409 in Valencia (Spain). Therefore mental patients were isolated in a special institution-hospital, and social community rejected them. Only in the new era psychopathological behavior begins to be treated as an illness. Therefore during the 19th century psychiatry is developed as a special branch of medicine, and mental disorder is more and more seen according to the principals of interpretation of physical illnesses. By the middle of the 19th century psychiatric hospitals are humanized, and patients are being less physically restricted. Deinstitutialisation in protection of mental health is the heritage of reforms from the beginning of the 19th century which regarded the prevention of mental health protection. It was necessary to develop institutions of the prevention of protection in the community which would primarily have social support and characteristics.

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