NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN CONTRACEPTIVE RESEARCH

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S90-S118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Goldzieher ◽  
Sharad Joshi ◽  
Duane C. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Similarities And Differences

ABSTRACT An extensive review of the use of non-human primates in contraceptive research was compiled in December 1971. An effort has been made to update certain topics from that symposium, specifically (1) similarities and differences between humans and other primates with respect to gametogenesis and gamete transport, implantation and ovum development, sexual cycles and sexual behaviour; (2) metabolism of steroids in nonhuman primates; (3) certain metabolic effects of steroids in non-human primates, canines, and humans; and, (4) the relevance of certain aspects of toxicity, such as tumorigenesis, when studied in non-human primates and other species.

scholarly journals Central GIP signaling stimulates peripheral GIP release and promotes insulin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion in nonhuman primates

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (4) ◽  
pp. E661-E670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Higgins ◽  
Robert E. Shade ◽  
Irám P. Rodríguez-Sánchez ◽  
Magdalena Garcia-Forey ◽  
M. Elizabeth Tejero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pancreatic Polypeptide ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Gip Release

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has important actions on whole body metabolic function. GIP and its receptor are also present in the central nervous system and have been linked to neurotrophic actions. Metabolic effects of central nervous system GIP signaling have not been reported. We investigated whether centrally administered GIP could increase peripheral plasma GIP concentrations and influence the metabolic response to a mixed macronutrient meal in nonhuman primates. An infusion and sampling system was developed to enable continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions with serial venous sampling in conscious nonhuman primates. Male baboons ( Papio sp.) that were healthy and had normal body weights (28.9 ± 2.1 kg) were studied ( n = 3). Animals were randomized to receive continuous ICV infusions of GIP (20 pmol·kg−1·h−1) or vehicle before and over the course of a 300-min mixed meal test (15 kcal/kg, 1.5g glucose/kg) on two occasions. A significant increase in plasma GIP concentration was observed under ICV GIP infusion (66.5 ± 8.0 vs. 680.6 ± 412.8 pg/ml, P = 0.04) before administration of the mixed meal. Increases in postprandial, but not fasted, insulin ( P = 0.01) and pancreatic polypeptide ( P = 0.04) were also observed under ICV GIP. Effects of ICV GIP on fasted or postprandial glucagon, glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acids were not observed. Our data demonstrate that central GIP signaling can promote increased plasma GIP concentrations independent of nutrient stimulation and increase insulin and pancreatic polypeptide responses to a mixed meal.

Lateralization of communicative signals in nonhuman primates and the hypothesis of the gestural origin of language

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Vauclair
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Gestural Communication ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Human Speech ◽  
Strong Link ◽  
Origin Of Language ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Communicative Signals

This article argues for the gestural origins of speech and language based on the available evidence gathered in humans and nonhuman primates and especially from ape studies. The strong link between motor functions (hand use and manual gestures) and speech in humans is reviewed. The presence of asymmetrical cerebral organization in nonhuman primates along with functional asymmetries in the perception and production of vocalizations and in intentional referential gestural communication is then emphasized. The nature of primate communicatory systems is presented, and the similarities and differences between these systems and human speech are discussed. It is argued that recent findings concerning neuroanatomical asymmetries in the chimpanzee brain and the existence of both mirror neurons and lateralized use of hands and vocalizations in communication necessitate a reconsideration of the phylogenic emergence of the cerebral and behavioral prerequisites for human speech.

scholarly journals Neuroendocrinology applied to rabbit breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gonzalez-Mariscal
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Aversive Stimulation ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Synthetic Material ◽  
Neuroendocrine Response ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Reproductive Neuroendocrinology

Successful rabbit production relies heavily on the use of adequate practices that enhance specific aspects of reproduction, such as mating, ovulation and lactation. Regardless of the type of production unit or strain of rabbits used, these processes rely on a complex chain of neuroendocrine steps that include particular hormones, peripheral stimuli and activation of discrete brain regions. Such is the case, for instance, of reflex ovulation, which occurs in response to copulation but is inhibited throughout lactation. Little is known about the mechanisms mediating lactational anoestrus and the restoration of oestrus following the cancellation of a single suckling episode (biostimulation). Nevertheless, the latter procedure (adopted worldwide to accelerate reproduction) has unwanted consequences for the doe and her litter. After successive episodes of biostimulation, the former shows a loss of fertility and body mass. In the kits, alterations are observed in their neuroendocrine response to mildly aversive stimulation in adulthood, as well as reductions in sexual behaviour. In addition to milk intake, a good nest is essential for normal litter growth and development. If this is not available, or if it deteriorates, rabbit caretakers can easily (re) build one from hair sheared off other rabbits or using synthetic material. Lactating does will nurse equally well their own or ‘alien’ young, placed inside the nest. It is crucial to have a minimum of six suckling kits in the nest, as the doe relies on this stimulation to maintain a normal nursing behaviour, i.e., only once a day throughout lactation. Recent work is revealing the similarities and differences in the responsiveness to mating among oestrous, lactating and biostimulated does. The relevance of these findings for the likelihood of reflex ovulation and the additional contribution of factors contained in the semen warrant more in-depth research. New insights on these issues, essential to reproductive neuroendocrinology, can emerge by fostering a richer interaction between academic laboratories and rabbit production settings worldwide.

Orosensory Perception, Speech Production, and Deafness

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milo E. Bishop ◽  
Robert L. Ringel ◽  
Arthur S. House
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Form Discrimination ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The oral form-discrimination abilities of 18 orally educated and oriented deaf high school subjects were determined and compared to those of manually educated and oriented deaf subjects and normal-hearing subjects. The similarities and differences among the responses of the three groups were discussed and then compared to responses elicited from subjects with functional disorders of articulation. In general, the discrimination scores separated the manual deaf from the other two groups, particularly when differences in form shapes were involved in the test. The implications of the results for theories relating orosensory-discrimination abilities are discussed. It is postulated that, while a failure in oroperceptual functioning may lead to disorders of articulation, a failure to use the oral mechanism for speech activities, even in persons with normal orosensory capabilities, may result in poor performance on oroperceptual tasks.

Animals as Social Objects

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Sevillano ◽  
Susan T. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Behavioral Tendencies ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

Abstract. Nonhuman animals are typically excluded from the scope of social psychology. This article presents animals as social objects – targets of human social responses – overviewing the similarities and differences with human targets. The focus here is on perceiving animal species as social groups. Reflecting the two fundamental dimensions of humans’ social cognition – perceived warmth (benign or ill intent) and competence (high or low ability), proposed within the Stereotype Content Model ( Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002 ) – animal stereotypes are identified, together with associated prejudices and behavioral tendencies. In line with human intergroup threats, both realistic and symbolic threats associated with animals are reviewed. As a whole, animals appear to be social perception targets within the human sphere of influence and a valid topic for research.

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