scholarly journals Neuroendocrinology applied to rabbit breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gonzalez-Mariscal
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Aversive Stimulation ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Synthetic Material ◽  
Neuroendocrine Response ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Reproductive Neuroendocrinology

Successful rabbit production relies heavily on the use of adequate practices that enhance specific aspects of reproduction, such as mating, ovulation and lactation. Regardless of the type of production unit or strain of rabbits used, these processes rely on a complex chain of neuroendocrine steps that include particular hormones, peripheral stimuli and activation of discrete brain regions. Such is the case, for instance, of reflex ovulation, which occurs in response to copulation but is inhibited throughout lactation. Little is known about the mechanisms mediating lactational anoestrus and the restoration of oestrus following the cancellation of a single suckling episode (biostimulation). Nevertheless, the latter procedure (adopted worldwide to accelerate reproduction) has unwanted consequences for the doe and her litter. After successive episodes of biostimulation, the former shows a loss of fertility and body mass. In the kits, alterations are observed in their neuroendocrine response to mildly aversive stimulation in adulthood, as well as reductions in sexual behaviour. In addition to milk intake, a good nest is essential for normal litter growth and development. If this is not available, or if it deteriorates, rabbit caretakers can easily (re) build one from hair sheared off other rabbits or using synthetic material. Lactating does will nurse equally well their own or ‘alien’ young, placed inside the nest. It is crucial to have a minimum of six suckling kits in the nest, as the doe relies on this stimulation to maintain a normal nursing behaviour, i.e., only once a day throughout lactation. Recent work is revealing the similarities and differences in the responsiveness to mating among oestrous, lactating and biostimulated does. The relevance of these findings for the likelihood of reflex ovulation and the additional contribution of factors contained in the semen warrant more in-depth research. New insights on these issues, essential to reproductive neuroendocrinology, can emerge by fostering a richer interaction between academic laboratories and rabbit production settings worldwide.

PVN activation is suppressed by repeated hypoglycemia but not antecedent corticosterone in the rat

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (5) ◽  
pp. R1426-R1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Evans ◽  
Charles W. Wilkinson ◽  
Kathy Bentson ◽  
Pam Gronbeck ◽  
Aryana Zavosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Failure ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neuroendocrine Response ◽  
Medial Hypothalamus ◽  
Neuroendocrine Responses ◽  
Hypothalamic Activation

The mechanism(s) underlying hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) are unknown. To test the hypothesis that the activation of brain regions involved in the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia is blunted with HAAF, rats were studied in a 2-day protocol. Neuroendocrine responses and brain activation (c-Fos immunoreactivity) were measured during day 2 insulin-induced hypoglycemia (0.5 U insulin · 100 g body wt−1· h−1iv for 2 h) after day 1 hypoglycemia (Hypo-Hypo) or vehicle. Hypo-Hypo animals demonstrated HAAF with blunted epinephrine, glucagon, and corticosterone (Cort) responses and decreased activation of the medial hypothalamus [the paraventricular (PVN), dorsomedial (DMH), and arcuate (Arc) nuclei]. To evaluate whether increases in day 1 Cort were responsible for the decreased hypothalamic activation, Cort was infused intracerebroventricularly (72 μg) on day 1 and the response to day 2 hypoglycemia was measured. Intracerebroventricular Cort infusion failed to alter the neuroendocrine response to day 2 hypoglycemia, despite elevating both central nervous system and peripheral Cort levels. However, day 1 Cort blunted responses in two of the same hypothalamic regions as Hypo-Hypo (the DMH and Arc) but not in the PVN. These results suggest that decreased activation of the PVN may be important in the development of HAAF and that antecedent exposure to elevated levels of Cort is not always sufficient to produce HAAF.

scholarly journals Kisspeptin Neurons from Mice to Men: Similarities and Differences

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (11) ◽  
pp. 5105-5118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Goodman ◽  
Michael N. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Reproductive Neuroendocrinology ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract The discovery that kisspeptin was critical for normal fertility in humans ushered in a new chapter in our understanding of the control of GnRH secretion. In this paper, we will review recent data on the similarities and differences across several mammalian species in the role of kisspeptin in reproductive neuroendocrinology. In all mammals examined to date, there is strong evidence that kisspeptin plays a key role in the onset of puberty and is necessary for both tonic and surge secretion of GnRH in adults, although kisspeptin-independent systems are also apparent in these studies. Similarly, two groups of kisspeptin neurons, one in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the other more rostrally, have been identified in all mammals, although the latter is concentrated in a limited area in rodents and more scattered in other species. Estrogen has divergent actions on kisspeptin expression in these two regions across these species, stimulating it the latter and inhibiting expression in the former. There is also strong evidence that the rostral population participates in the GnRH surge, whereas the ARC population contributes to steroid-negative feedback. There may be species differences in the role of these two populations in puberty, with the ARC cells important in rats, sheep, and monkeys, whereas both have been implicated in mice. ARC kisspeptin neurons also appear to participate in the GnRH surge in sheep and guinea pigs, whereas the data on this possibility in rodents are contradictory. Similarly, both populations are sexually dimorphic in sheep and humans, whereas most data in rodents indicate that this occurs only in the rostral population. The functional consequences of these species differences remain to be fully elucidated but are likely to have significance for understanding normal neuroendocrine control of reproduction as well as for use of kisspeptin agonists/antagonists as a therapeutic tool.

NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN CONTRACEPTIVE RESEARCH

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S90-S118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Goldzieher ◽  
Sharad Joshi ◽  
Duane C. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Similarities And Differences

ABSTRACT An extensive review of the use of non-human primates in contraceptive research was compiled in December 1971. An effort has been made to update certain topics from that symposium, specifically (1) similarities and differences between humans and other primates with respect to gametogenesis and gamete transport, implantation and ovum development, sexual cycles and sexual behaviour; (2) metabolism of steroids in nonhuman primates; (3) certain metabolic effects of steroids in non-human primates, canines, and humans; and, (4) the relevance of certain aspects of toxicity, such as tumorigenesis, when studied in non-human primates and other species.

The economics of water scarcity and variability

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Damania
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
Policy Solutions

Abstract Does the availability or variability of water matter for the economy? Does it meaningfully impact the growth and development trajectory of a country? It may seem surprising that answers to these most basic of questions remain elusive. The aim of this paper is to summarize recent work on the economic impacts of water scarcity and variability. The paper finds that there is strong evidence that variations in rainfall and water availability have significant impacts on particular sectors, such as agriculture, human capital, and even conflict. But paradoxically evidence of impacts on economic growth and other measures of aggregate economic activity remains ambiguous. The paper explains reasons for this anomaly and explores the pathways through which water impacts the economy. The paper provides a synthesis of key developments in the literature, identifies methodological gaps, and suggests policy solutions.

The behavioural actions of the hypothalamic peptides: a review

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Thyrotrophic Hormone

SYNOPSISRecent work has shown that the hypothalamic peptides commonly associated with the control of pituitary function have important behavioural actions of possible psychiatric significance. Thus, vasopressin, ACTH and like peptides may influence memory processes, and ACTH and MSH given intracranially induce a peculiar stretching and yawning syndrome accompanied by penile erection and ejaculation. Thyrotrophic hormone-releasing factor potentiates behavioural excitation, somatostatin is depressive, while luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone facilitates sexual behaviour and the newly identified endorphins are markedly opioid in character. These and other activities of the hypothalamic peptides are reviewed and assessed alongside the clinical information available.

Motivations for Emotions in Bipolar Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262097958
Author(s):  
Yael Millgram ◽  
June Gruber ◽  
Cynthia M. Villanueva ◽  
Anna Rapoport ◽  
Maya Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotional Instability ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Recent work has begun to examine the link between motivation for specific emotions and psychopathology. Yet research on this topic to date has focused primarily on depression. To understand patterns of motivation for emotions within and across affective disorders, we assessed motivation for emotions in adults at increased risk for and diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD). We focused on motivation for negative (i.e., sadness) and positive (i.e., happiness) emotions and for emotional instability using self-report and behavioral measures. Both increased BD risk and diagnosis of BD were associated with increased motivation for sadness and decreased motivation for happiness as assessed by behavioral measures. Such motivational tendencies were less consistent when assessed by self-reports. Higher BD risk was associated with increased self-reported motivation for emotional instability (Studies 1–3), although this association was not evident in BD (Study 4). Findings suggest both similarities and differences in motivation for emotions in affective disorders.

scholarly journals Development of Predictive Responses in Theory of Mind Brain Regions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Richardson ◽  
Rebecca Saxe
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Pain Matrix ◽  
Anticipation Effect

When we watch movies, we consider the characters’ mental states in order to understand and predict the narrative. Recent work in fMRI uses movie-viewing paradigms to measure functional responses in brain regions recruited for such mental state reasoning (the Theory of Mind (“ToM”) network). Here, two groups of young children (n=30 3-4yo, n=26 6-7yo) viewed a short animated movie twice while undergoing fMRI. As children get older, ToM brain regions were recruited earlier in time during the second presentation of the movie. This “narrative anticipation” effect is specific: there was no such effect in a control network of brain regions that responds just as robustly to the movie (the “Pain Matrix”). These results complement prior studies in adults that suggest that ToM brain regions play a role not just in inferring, but in actively predicting, other people's thoughts and feelings, and provide novel evidence that as children get older, their ToM brain regions increasingly make such predictions. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Developmental Science. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12863 .

scholarly journals Rethinking brain-wide interactions through multi-region “network of networks” models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Perich ◽  
Kanaka Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Interconnected Network ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Network Of Networks

The neural control of behavior is distributed across many functionally and anatomically distinct brain regions even in small nervous systems. While classical neuroscience models treated these regions as a set of hierarchically isolated nodes, the brain comprises a recurrently interconnected network in which each region is intimately modulated by many others. Uncovering these interactions is now possible through experimental techniques that access large neural populations from many brain regions simultaneously. Harnessing these large-scale datasets, however, requires new theoretical approaches. Here, we review recent work to understand brain-wide interactions using multi-region "network of networks" models and discuss how they can guide future experiments. We also emphasize the importance of multi-region recordings, and posit that studying individual components in isolation will be insufficient to understand the neural basis of behavior.

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