Autocrine and paracrine transformation of cells by tumor matrix vesicles

Unfixed proximal tibial epiphyseal growth plates were studied by freeze-etch to confirm the presence of extracellular calcifying matrix vesicles and to determine the substructure of matrix vesicle membranes as compared to plasma and other membranes of intact chondrocytes. Growth plates from 6-10 week old Sprague-Dawley rats were cut into 1x3 mm blocks whose long dimension was oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the long axis of the tibia. Some blocks were fixed at pH 7. 0 in 0. 2M cacodylate - buffered 2. 5% glutaraldehyde for 1 hour at 4ÅC. The blocks were immersed in 30% glycerol solution at 4ÅC for 1 hour, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then fractured, etched for 2 minutes, and coated with platinum, carbon and 0. 2% Formvar solution. The replicas were cleaned with chromic acid, floated onto Formvar coated grids, and examined with a Phillips EM 300 electron microscope.Fixed and unfixed specimens appeared similar in ultrastructure. Chondrocytes, matrix, and matrix vesicles were identified. In specimens fractured parallel to the long axis of the tibia, the reserve, proliferative, hypertrophic, and calcifying zones could be discerned as described by light and electron microscopy.

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Effects of EDTA, Hyaluronidase and Collagenase on Epiphyseal Cartilage Matrix

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100100020 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 56-57

Author(s):

H. Clarke Anderson ◽

Priscilla R. Coulter

Keyword(s):

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Matrix Vesicles ◽

Cartilage Matrix ◽

Collagen Fibrils ◽

Epiphyseal Cartilage ◽

Dense Matrix ◽

Type Iv ◽

Bovine Testicular Hyaluronidase ◽

The Matrix ◽

Testicular Hyaluronidase

Epiphyseal cartilage matrix contains fibrils and particles of at least 5 different types: 1. Banded collagen fibrils, present throughout the matrix, but not seen in the lacunae. 2. Non-periodic fine fibrils <100Å in diameter (Fig. 1), which are most notable in the lacunae, and may represent immature collagen. 3. Electron dense matrix granules (Fig. 1) which are often attached to fine fibrils and collagen fibrils, and probably contain protein-polysaccharide although the possibility of a mineral content has not been excluded. 4. Matrix vesicles (Fig. 2) which show a selective distribution throughout the epiphysis, and may play a role in calcification. 5. Needle-like apatite crystals (Fig. 2).Blocks of formalin-fixed epiphysis from weanling mice were digested with the following agents in 0.1M phosphate buffer: a) 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) at pH 8.3, b) 0.015% bovine testicular hyaluronidase (Sigma, type IV, 750 units/mg) at pH 5.5, and c) 0.1% collagenase (Worthington, chromatograhically pure, 200 units/mg) at pH 7.4. All digestions were carried out at 37°C overnight. Following digestion tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy to determine changes in the various fibrils and particles of the matrix.

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Effects of Hypophysectomy on the Occurrence and Calcifiability of Matrix Vesicles in the Epiphyseal Growth Plate of Immature Rats

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600002579 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 578-579

Author(s):

S. I. Coleman ◽

W. J. Dougherty

Keyword(s):

Growth Plate ◽

Matrix Vesicles ◽

Epiphyseal Growth Plate ◽

Hard Tissue ◽

Hormonal Factors ◽

Post Surgery ◽

Mineral Deposition ◽

Thin Sectioning ◽

Integral Role ◽

Cellular Secretion

In the cellular secretion theory of mineral deposition, extracellular matrix vesicles are believed to play an integral role in hard tissue mineralization (1). Membrane limited matrix vesicles arise from the plasma membrane of epiphyseal chondrocytes and tooth odontoblasts by a budding process (2, 3). Nutritional and hormonal factors have been postulated to play essential roles in mineral deposition and apparently have a direct effect on matrix vesicles of calcifying cartilage as concluded by Anderson and Sajdera (4). Immature (75-85 gm) Long-Evans hooded rats were hypophysectomized by the parapharyngeal approach and maintained fourteen (14) days post-surgery. At this time, the animals were anesthetized and perfusion fixed in cacodylate buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The proximal tibias were quickly dissected out and split sagittally. One half was used for light microscopy (LM) and the other for electron microscopy (EM). The halves used for EM were cut into blocks approximately 1×3 mm. The tissue blocks were prepared for ultra-thin sectioning and transmission EM. The tissue was oriented so as to section through the epiphyseal growth plate from the zone of proliferating cartilage on down through the hypertrophic zone and into the initial trabecular bone. Sections were studied stained (double heavy metal) and unstained.

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Biomimetic Extracellular Vesicles Embedded with Black Phosphorus for Molecular Recognition-Guided Biomineralization

10.26434/chemrxiv.6721553.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Yingqian Wang ◽

Xiaoxia Hu ◽

Lingling Zhang ◽

Chunli Zhu ◽

Jie Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Recognition ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Inorganic Phosphate ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Medical Engineering ◽

Matrix Vesicles ◽

Black Phosphorus ◽

Photothermal Effect ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Extracellular Environment

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the regulation of cell physiological activity and the reconstruction of extracellular environment. Matrix vesicles (MVs) are a type of EVs, and they participate in the regulation of cell mineralization. Herein, bioinspired MVs embedded with black phosphorus are functionalized with cell-specific aptamer (denoted as Apt-bioinspired MVs) for stimulating biomineralization. The aptamer can direct bioinspired MVs to targeted cells, and the increasing concentration of inorganic phosphate originated from the black phosphorus can facilitate cell biomineralization. The photothermal effect of the Apt-bioinspired MVs also positively affects mineralization. In addition, the Apt-bioinspired MVs display outstanding bone regeneration performance. Considering the excellent behavior of the Apt-bioinspired MVs for promoting biomineralization, our strategy provides a way of designing bionic tools for studying the mechanisms of biological processes and advancing the development of medical engineering.<br>

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Stimulation of calcification of growth plate cartilage matrix vesicles by binding to type II and X collagens

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(19)78146-0 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 269 (15) ◽

pp. 11462-11469 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Kirsch ◽

R.E. Wuthier

Keyword(s):

Growth Plate ◽

Matrix Vesicles ◽

Cartilage Matrix ◽

Type Ii ◽

Growth Plate Cartilage ◽

Stimulation Of

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Roles of the nucleational core complex and collagens (types II and X) in calcification of growth plate cartilage matrix vesicles.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32133-6 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 269 (31) ◽

pp. 20103-20109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Kirsch ◽

Y. Ishikawa ◽

F. Mwale ◽

R.E. Wuthier

Keyword(s):

Growth Plate ◽

Matrix Vesicles ◽

Cartilage Matrix ◽

Core Complex ◽

Growth Plate Cartilage

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Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14040289 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 289

Author(s):

Sana Ansari ◽

Bregje W. M. de de Wildt ◽

Michelle A. M. Vis ◽

Carolina E. de de Korte ◽

Keita Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Formation ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Recipient Cell ◽

Organic Matrix ◽

Matrix Vesicles ◽

Matrix Mineralization

Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix. Evidence shows that bone cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs): nano-sized bilayer vesicles, which are involved in intercellular communication by delivering their cargoes through protein–ligand interactions or fusion to the plasma membrane of the recipient cell. Osteoblasts shed a subset of EVs known as matrix vesicles (MtVs), which contain phosphatases, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. These vesicles are believed to have a major role in matrix mineralization, and they feature bone-targeting and osteo-inductive properties. Understanding their contribution in bone formation and mineralization could help to target bone pathologies or bone regeneration using novel approaches such as stimulating MtV secretion in vivo, or the administration of in vitro or biomimetically produced MtVs. This review attempts to discuss the role of MtVs in biomineralization and their potential application for bone pathologies and bone regeneration.

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Apoptosis in the Extraosseous Calcification Process

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10010131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 131

Author(s):

Federica Boraldi ◽

Francesco Demetrio Lofaro ◽

Daniela Quaglino

Keyword(s):

Genetic Basis ◽

Membrane Vesicles ◽

Matrix Vesicles ◽

Apoptotic Bodies ◽

Connective Tissues ◽

Mineralization Process ◽

Mitochondrial Alterations ◽

Age Related ◽

And Oxidative Stress ◽

And Cartilage

Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including both extra- and intracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of membrane vesicles (e.g., matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies), mitochondrial alterations, and oxidative stress. This review is an overview of extraosseous calcification mechanisms focusing on the relationships between apoptosis and mineralization in cartilage and vascular tissues, as these are the two tissues mostly affected by a number of age-related diseases having a progressively increased impact in Western Countries.

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