scholarly journals Thyroid hormone status within the physiological range affects bone mass and density in healthy men at the age of peak bone mass

2011 ◽  
Vol 164 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greet Roef ◽  
Bruno Lapauw ◽  
Stefan Goemaere ◽  
Hans Zmierczak ◽  
Tom Fiers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Area ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Healthy Men

ContextThe hormonal factors involved in the regulation of peak bone mass (PBM) in men have not been fully investigated. Apart from gonadal steroids and somatotropic hormones, thyroid hormones are known to affect bone maturation and homeostasis and are additional candidate determinants of adult bone mass.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate between-subject physiological variation in free and total thyroid hormone concentrations, TSH, and thyroid binding globulin (TBG) in relation to parameters of bone mass, geometry, and mineral density in healthy men at the age of PBM.Design and settingWe recruited 677 healthy male siblings aged 25–45 years in a cross-sectional, population-based study. Areal and volumetric bone parameters were determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Total and free thyroid hormones, TBG, and TSH were determined using immunoassays.ResultsFree and total thyroid hormone concentrations were inversely associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the hip and total body (free triiodothyronine (FT3), total T3 (TT3), and total T4 (TT4)) and at the spine (FT3). TBG was negatively associated with BMC and areal BMD at all sites. At the radius, cortical bone area was inversely associated with TT3, TT4, and TBG, and trabecular bone density was inversely associated with free thyroxine, TT4, and TBG. We observed inverse associations between cortical bone area at the mid-tibia and FT3, TT3, TT4, and TBG. No associations between TSH and DXA or pQCT measurements were found.ConclusionIn healthy men at the age of PBM, between-subject variation in thyroid hormone concentrations affects bone density, with higher levels of FT3, TT3, TT4, and TBG being associated with less favorable bone density and content.

scholarly journals Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism in Male Mice and Their Effects on Bone Mass, Bone Turnover, and the Wnt Inhibitors Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (10) ◽  
pp. 3517-3527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Tsourdi ◽  
Eddy Rijntjes ◽  
Josef Köhrle ◽  
Lorenz C. Hofbauer ◽  
Martina Rauner
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Wnt Inhibitors ◽  
Dickkopf 1

Thyroid hormones are key regulators of bone homeostasis, and Wnt signaling has been implicated in thyroid hormone-associated bone loss. Here we tested whether hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism interfere with dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and sclerostin, two inhibitors of Wnt signaling. Twelve-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were rendered either hyperthyroid or hypothyroid. Hyperthyroid mice displayed decreased trabecular (−54%, P < .001) and cortical bone density (−5%, P < .05) and reduced cortical thickness (−15%, P < .001), whereas hypothyroid mice showed a higher trabecular bone density (+26%, P < .001) with unchanged cortical bone parameters. Histomorphometry and biochemical markers of bone remodeling indicated high bone turnover in hyperthyroid mice and low bone turnover in hypothyroid mice. In vivo, serum DKK1 concentrations were decreased in hyperthyroid mice (−24%, P < .001) and increased in hypothyroid mice (+18%, P < .01). The increase of the number of DKK1-positive cells in hypothyroid mice was confirmed at the tissue level. Interestingly, sclerostin was increased in both disease models, although to a higher extent in hyperthyroid mice (+50%, P < .001, and +24%, P < .05). Serum sclerostin concentrations adjusted for bone mass were increased by 3.3-fold in hyperthyroid (P < .001) but not in hypothyroid mice. Consistently, sclerostin mRNA expression and the number of sclerostin-positive cells were increased in hyperthyroid but not in hypothyroid mice. Our data show that thyroid hormone-induced changes in bone remodeling are associated with a divergent regulation of DKK1 and sclerostin. Thus, the modulation of Wnt signaling by thyroid hormones may contribute to thyroid hormone-associated bone disease and altered expression of Wnt inhibitors may emerge as potential therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals A Densitometric and Morphometric Analysis of the Skeleton in Adults with Varying Degrees of Growth Hormone Deficiency

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Murray ◽  
Judith E. Adams ◽  
Stephen M. Shalet
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Bone Area ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cortical Density

Context: Low bone mass is a characteristic feature of the adult GH deficiency (GHD) syndrome, but recent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) studies in patients with GH-receptor and GHRH-receptor gene mutations suggest that the situation is more complex. Objective: The objective was to define bone areal and volumetric densities and morphometry in hypopituitary adults. Design: The study was a cross-sectional case-controlled study performed between 1999 and 2001. Setting: The study was undertaken at an endocrine tertiary referral center. Patients: Thirty patients with GHD, 24 with GH insufficiency (GHI) [peak GH, 3–7 μg/liter (9–21 mU/liter)], and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were included for study. Main Outcome Measures: DXA and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) derived bone density and morphometry were measured. Results: No densitometric or morphometric abnormalities were detected in GHD patients who acquired their deficiency during adult life. GHD adults of childhood-onset (CO-GHD) showed decreased bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip on DXA. pQCT of the radius showed that CO-GHD patients have normal trabecular bone mineral density and only a 2% decrease in cortical density. Radial bone area was reduced 14.5%, cortical thickness 20%, and cortical cross-sectional area 23%, culminating in a reduction in cortical bone of 25%. The “apparent” low DXA bone density in CO-GHD adults therefore relates primarily to reduced cortical thickness and smaller bone area. DXA and pQCT data derived from adults with GHI revealed no evidence of densitometric or morphometric abnormalities. Conclusions: 1) Adult-onset GHD patients have normal bone density and size. 2) CO-GHD adults have marginally reduced cortical density but significantly reduced cortical bone as a result of reduced cortical thickness and bone size. 3) GHI has no measurable impact on the skeleton.

scholarly journals Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin as an Independent Determinant of Cortical Bone Status in Men at the Age of Peak Bone Mass

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 1579-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griet Vanbillemont ◽  
Bruno Lapauw ◽  
Veerle Bogaert ◽  
Stefan Goemaere ◽  
Hans-Georg Zmierczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Size ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Bone Area ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Parameters ◽  
Volumetric Bmd

Abstract Context: Sex steroids are important determinants of the skeletal development, growth, and maintenance after achievement of peak bone mass. A large fraction of these hormones are bound by SHBG, and previous studies have shown that SHBG could be a determinant of bone characteristics. Objective: We investigated associations of serum SHBG levels with cortical and trabecular bone characteristics in young healthy men. Design and Settings: A total of 677 healthy male siblings aged 25–45 yr were recruited in a cross-sectional, population-based study. Main Outcomes: Areal bone parameters were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Cortical bone parameters at the tibia and radius and trabecular vBMD at the radius were assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Serum testosterone, estradiol, and SHBG levels were measured using immunoassays. Results: Regression models including age, height, and weight showed that SHBG levels were positively associated with bone area at the hip and the whole body, but not with areal bone mineral density (BMD). Higher SHBG levels were associated with a larger cortical bone area and periosteal and endosteal circumferences at both the tibia and the radius, whereas trabecular volumetric BMD at the radius was negatively associated with SHBG levels. Associations persisted after adjustment for (free) sex steroid levels. No associations were found with cortical volumetric BMD or cortical thickness. Conclusion: In this population of healthy adult men at the age of peak bone mass, SHBG levels were positively associated with cortical bone size, independently from sex-steroid levels. This suggests a possible independent role of SHBG in the determination of adult bone size.

Decreased Bone Density in Adolescent Girls With Anorexia Nervosa

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Bachrach ◽  
David Guido ◽  
Debra Katzman ◽  
Iris F. Litt ◽  
Robert Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Control Subjects

Osteoporosis develops in women with chronic anorexia nervosa. To determine whether bone mass is reduced in younger patients as well, bone density was studied in a group of adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. With single- and dual-photon absorptiometry, a comparison was made of bone mineral density of midradius, lumbar spine, and whole body in 18 girls (12 to 20 years of age) with anorexia nervosa and 25 healthy control subjects of comparable age. Patients had significantly lower lumbar vertebral bone density than did control subjects (0.830 ± 0.140 vs 1.054 ± 0.139 g/cm2) and significantly lower whole body bone mass (0.700 ± 0.130 vs 0.955 ± 0.130 g/cm2). Midradius bone density was not significantly reduced. Of 18 patients, 12 had bone density greater than 2 standard deviations less than normal values for age. The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa had been made less than 1 year earlier for half of these girls. Body mass index correlated significantly with bone mass in girls who were not anorexic (P < .05, .005, and .0001 for lumbar, radius, and whole body, respectively). Bone mineral correlated significantly with body mass index in patients with anorexia nervosa as well. In addition, age at onset and duration of anorexia nervosa, but not calcium intake, activity level, or duration of amenorrhea correlated significantly with bone mineral density. It was concluded that important deficits of bone mass occur as a frequent and often early complication of anorexia nervosa in adolescence. Whole body is considerably more sensitive than midradius bone density as a measure of cortical bone loss in this illness. Low body mass index is an important predictor of this reduction in bone mass.

The Effect of Fructooligosaccharides with Various Degrees of Polymerization on Calcium Bioavailability in the Growing Rat

2003 ◽  
Vol 228 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena C. Kruger ◽  
Katherine E. Brown ◽  
Gabrielle Collett ◽  
Lee Layton ◽  
Linda M. Schollum
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Calcium Bioavailability

Maximizing peak bone mass during adolescence may be the key to postponing and perhaps preventing bone fractures due to osteoporosis in later life. One mechanism to maximize peak bone mass is to maximize calcium absorption, and it has been suggested that inulin and oligofructose might be one of the ways of doing so. In this study, fructooligosaccharides with various degrees of polymerization have been compared in terms of impact on calcium absorption, bone density, and excretion of collagen cross-links in the young adult male rat. The various oligosaccharides were oligofructose (DP2-8), inulin (DP>23), and a mixture of 92% inulin and 8% short-chain oligofructose (DP2-8). Measuring ex vivo bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) showed that BMD was significantly higher in the group fed inulin (DP>23) in both femurs, whereas BMC was significantly higher in the spine. The excretion of fragments of Type 1 collagen decreased in all groups over the 4 weeks of feeding, but the decrease was most significant in the group fed inulin (DP>23). Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the effect of the fructooligosaccharides on calcium absorption and retention. These include the production of organic acids that would acidify the luminal contents and enhance solubility and hence absorption, or possibly a mechanism via calbindinD9k. This study is unique in that it compares the different fructooligosaccharides in the same model, and it clearly shows that the various fructans do not have the same effect. In our model, inulin (DP>23) had the most significant effect on calcium bioavailability.

scholarly journals Fat Mass Exerts a Greater Effect on Cortical Bone Mass in Girls than Boys

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Sayers ◽  
Jonathan H. Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cortical Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Cortical Bone Mass

Abstract Context: It is unclear whether fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) differ in the way they influence cortical bone development in boys and girls. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the contributions of total body FM and LM to parameters related to cortical bone mass and geometry. Design/Setting: We conducted a longitudinal birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Participants: A total of 4005 boys and girls (mean age, 15.5 yr) participated in the study. Outcome Measures: We measured cortical bone mass, cortical bone mineral content (BMCC), cortical bone mineral density, periosteal circumference (PC), and endosteal circumference by tibial peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Results: LM had a similar positive association with BMCC in boys and girls [regression coefficients with 95% confidence interval (CI); P for gender interactions: boys/girls, 0.952 (0.908, 0.997); P = 0.85]. However, the mechanisms by which LM influenced bone mass differed according to gender because LM was positively associated with PC more strongly in girls [boys, 0.579 (0.522, 0.635); girls, 0.799 (0.722, 0.875); P < 0.0001], but was only associated with cortical bone mineral density in boys [boys, 0.443 (0.382, 0.505); girls, 0.014 (−0.070, 0.097); P < 0.0001]. There was a stronger positive association between FM and BMCC in girls [boys, 0.227 (0.185, 0.269); girls, 0.355 (0.319, 0.392); P < 0.0001]. This reflected both a greater positive association of FM with PC in girls [boys, 0.213 (0.174, 0.253); girls, 0.312 (0.278, 0.347); P = 0.0002], and a stronger negative association with endosteal circumferencePC [boys, −0.059 (−0.096, 0.021); girls, −0.181 (−0.215, −0.146); P < 0.0001]. Conclusions: Whereas LM stimulates the accrual of cortical bone mass to a similar extent in boys and girls, FM is a stronger stimulus for accrual of cortical bone mass in girls, reflecting a greater tendency in females for FM to stimulate periosteal growth and suppress endosteal expansion.

scholarly journals Osteoblast‐derived NOTUM reduces cortical bone mass in mice and the NOTUM locus is associated with bone mineral density in humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 11163-11179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Movérare-Skrtic ◽  
Karin H. Nilsson ◽  
Petra Henning ◽  
Thomas Funck-Brentano ◽  
Maria Nethander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cortical Bone Mass

Body weight and/or endogenous estradiol as determinants of cortical bone mass and bone loss in healthy early postmenopausal women

1992 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerentia CH van Beresteijn ◽  
Jan PRM van Laarhoven ◽  
Anthony GH Smals
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Early Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Cortical Bone Mineral Density

The objective was to study the independent relationships of body mass index and endogenous estradiol to cortical bone mineral density and the rate of cortical bone loss at the radius in healthy early postmenopausal women. Fifty-one healthy early postmenopausal women (aged 58–66 years) participated. The women were a subset of a population participating in a 10-year longitudinal study to elucidate the influence of dietary calcium on the rate of cortical bone loss. Cortical bone mineral density at the radius, body weight and body height were measured annually (1979–89). Concentrations of sex steroids were measured in serum samples collected during the last year of follow-up (1989). Endogenous estradiol levels, although significantly positively correlated with body mass index, were not independently related to bone mass indices of the radius. Body mass index, on the other hand, was found to be positively related to cortical bone mineral density and negatively to the rate of bone loss, even after adjustments had been made for confounding factors. Our results suggest that the level of total estradiol is not an important determinant of cortical bone mass indices in healthy early postmenopausal women. Other factors of overweight such as mechanical loading may be important.

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