ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE AND THE HOLE BOARD TEST FOR USE AS A QUALITY CONTROL ASSAY OF HERBAL MEDICINES BASED ON PASSIFLORA INCARNATA LINNAEUS

Background: Solanum aethiopicum (L.), family Solanaceae, is known as garden eggs. The fruit is used in the treatment of insomnia, diabetes and constipation. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate anxiolytic-like activity of fractions obtained from crude methanol extract of Solanum aethiopicum fruit. Method: Acute toxicity testing was conducted according to the OECD guidelines 420 via oral and intraperitoneal routes (ip). n-Hexane (HF), chloroform (CHF), ethyl-acetate (EAF), n-butanol (BF) and residual aqueous fraction (RAF) at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg ip were experimented using the open field, elevated plus maze, staircase, light dark box and hole-board tests. Results: Results: In open field test, there was statistically significant increase in frequency of central square entry by EAF 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg and RAF 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg all at p<0.05 compared to distilled water (D/W) group. Elevated plus maze test showed statistically significant increases in open arm entry and duration by CHF 25mg/kg, RAF 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg again at p<0.05. Also, in the staircase test, statistically significant decrease in frequency of rearing with no effect on step climbing was observed by RAF 25mg/kg (p< 0.05) compared to D/W. Light and dark box test produced increased light box entry and duration by EAF 25mg/kg, RAF 25mg/kg and 50mg/ kg at p<0.05. Furthermore, the hole -board test showed statistically significant increases in number of head dips by EAF 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg as well as RAF 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100 mg/kg at p<0.05. Conclusion: The fractions obtained from Solanum aethiopicum fruits possesses anxiolytic-like activity.

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Anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of Cocculus laurifolius leaf extract in mice

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v14i1.38093 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 45-53

Author(s):

Sidra Maqbool ◽

Ishrat Younus

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Anxiolytic Effect ◽

Sodium Pentobarbital ◽

Hypnotic Effect ◽

Board Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Hole Board ◽

Hole Board Test ◽

Hypnotic Activity

The present study aims to assess the anxiolytic and hypnotic activity of ethanolic extract of Cocculus laurifolius leaf in mice. Anxiolytic activity was observed using behavioral paradigms while hypnotic activity was assessed by sodium pentobarbital induced hypnosis in mice. Animals were treated with the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 30 days. Anxiolytic and hypnotic effect were observed on day 1, 7, 15 and 30 of treatment. Significant increase in the number of entries and time spent in open arm were observed in elevated plus maze. Similar results were observed in light/dark, open field and hole board test. The anxiolytic effect was substantially greater at dose 200 mg/kg in comparison to dose 400 mg/kg. Minimal hypnotic activity was observed with decrease in onset and prolongation in duration of sleep at dose 400 mg/kg, while dose 200 mg/kg did not produce any hypnotic effect. These results showed that the ethanolic extract of C. laurifolius leaf might have potential anxiolytic and hypnotic activity in mice.

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Evaluation of anxiolytic and hypoglycemic potential of Cissus adnata Roxb. in animal model

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2018-0130 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Shamim Hasan ◽

Md. Giash Uddin ◽

Mohammed Shoibe ◽

Abdullah Al Mahmud ◽

Sujan Banik

Keyword(s):

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Anxiolytic Effect ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Mice Model ◽

Board Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Hole Board ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Hole Board Test

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate the anxiolytic and hypoglycemic potential of methanolic extract of Cissus adnata Roxb. is a crucial medicinal plant used in many disorders belongs to Vitaceae family.MethodsElevated plus maze (EPM) test and hole board test was applied for the anxiolytic activity with the Swiss albino mice. The hypoglycemic activity was measured by the glucose tolerance test in mice model. The capacity to produce the desired effect of the plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was compared with the anxiolytic drug of standard diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.) and anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide (10 mg/kg i.p.), respectively.ResultsThe phytochemical screening of Cissus adnata extract exposed the presence of carbohydrate, phenol, flavonoid, saponins, cardiac glycoside, tannin, and gum. The anxiolytic effect was detected in both experiments which significantly raised the number of head dips and the time spent in the open arm of the EPM (p<0.05) as the dose enlarged. Hypoglycemic study of the extracts shows better effect by reducing blood glucose level.ConclusionsThe better anxiolytic and hypoglycemic activities in the present study are due to the existence of various phytochemical constituents like saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins in this methanolic extract.

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Anxiolytic activity of aerial part hydroethanolic extract of Allium ascalonicum Linn. (Liliaceae) in mice

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v2i11.71 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (11) ◽

pp. 448 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abidemi J. Akindele ◽

Hakeem A. Sanni ◽

Pamela C. Edeh

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Open Field ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Anxiolytic Activity ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Hole Board ◽

Hole Board Test ◽

Hydroethanolic Extract

Background: Allium ascalonicum Linn. (Liliaceae) is a mildly aromatic annual herb used to flavor food. Ethnobotanical survey revealed application of A. ascalonicumin the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Objective: To investigate the anxiolytic activity of aerial part hydroethanolic extract of A. ascalonicum. Methods: The hole-board, elevated plus maze, light/dark exploration, open field and social interaction tests were used in this study. Groups of mice were treated orally with distilled water (10 ml/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), and A. ascalonicum (50-400 mg/kg). Evaluations were done 1 h post-treatment and the duration of observation was mostly 5 min. In the hole-board test, mice were observed for number/duration of head dips and number of sectional crossings. In the elevated plus maze test, the time spent in the open/closed arms and the number of entries by mice were observed. In the light/dark exploration test, the latency of entry into the dark box, time spent in the light and dark compartments, number of rearing and assisted rearing were determined. In respect of the open field test, observations were made for the number of rearing, assisted rearing, and sectional crossings. In the social interaction test, pairs of mice were observed for number of interactions including sniffing, following, and partner grooming. Results: In the hole-board test, A. ascalonicum significantly (p<0.05, 0.01) increased the number/duration of head dips and number of sectional crossings. In the elevated plus maze test, A. ascalonicum significantly (p<0.05) increased the number of entries into the open arm with corresponding reduction in number of entries into the closed arm. In the light/dark exploration test, A. ascalonicum significantly (p<0.05, 0.01) increased the latency of entry into the dark box, time spent in the light box, and number of rearing and assisted rearing. In respect of the open field test, A. ascalonicum significantly (p<0.05, 0.01) increased the number of sectional crossings and rearing. Considering the social interaction test, A. ascalonicum significantly (p<0.05) increased the number of interactions. Peak anti-anxiety effects were mostly observed at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: The aerial part hydroethanolic extract of Allium ascalonicum possesses anxiolytic properties. Keywords: Allium ascalonicum, Liliaceae, anxiolytic activity, medicinal plants, traditional medicine.

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Involvement of GABAergic and nitrergic systems in the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of Curcuma longa: its interaction with anxiolytic-hypnotics

Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy ◽

10.1515/dmdi-2020-0147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Ismail O. Ishola ◽

Folashade O. Katola ◽

Olufunmilayo O. Adeyemi

Keyword(s):

Curcuma Longa ◽

Muscle Coordination ◽

Rotarod Test ◽

Concurrent Use ◽

Board Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Hole Board ◽

Hypnotic Drugs ◽

Hole Board Test ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives Concurrent use of herbs with drugs have become a major healthcare problem. Herb-drug interactions could lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. Hence, this study seeks to evaluate the impact of combining Curcuma longa rhizome (CL) with selected anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs. Methods CL (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to mice 1 h before subjecting the animals to elevated plus maze (EPM), hole board test (HBT), open field test (OFT) and rotarod test for anxiolytic-like effect as well as hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time (HIST) for hypnotic activity. The involvement of GABAergic and nitrergic systems in CL-induced anxiolytic and hypnotic actions were also evaluated. The effect of concurrent use of CL with midazolam, imipramine, nifedipine, propranolol and carbamazepine were evaluated in anxiolytic-hypnosis models. Results The peak anxiolytic-like effect of CL was obtained at 400 mg/kg in the EPM and hole-board test without affecting muscle coordination in the rotarod test while the peak hypnosis-potentiation was observed at 100 mg/kg. CL-induced anxiolytic-hypnotic-like effects were reversed by the pretreatment of mice with flumazenil or NG-nitro-l-arginine. Conclusions Curcuma longa possesses anxiolytic and hypnotic effects through its interaction with GABAergic and nitrergic systems. Conversely, co-administration of C. longa with midazolam potentiate barbiturate-induced hypnosis.

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Anti-depressant, anxiolytic and muscle relaxant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira linn. Leaves

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871524921666210505101704 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Asif ◽

Jayesh Dwivedi ◽

Sandeep Yadav

Keyword(s):

Muscle Relaxant ◽

Anxiolytic Effect ◽

Inclined Plane ◽

Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Board Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Hole Board ◽

Hole Board Test ◽

Muscle Relaxant Activity

Background: The ethnopharmacological relevance suggests that the ethnic minorities of India use leaves of Cissampelos pareira L as a traditional medicine for curing various psychopharmacological disorders. Objective: To evaluate anti-depressant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira. Results: No moribund status or mortality was observed in experimental mice up to 2000 mg/kg dose of Cissampelos pareira hydroalcoholic extract (CPHE). In the open field and actophotometer tests, CPHE 200 and 400 mg/kg treated mice with significantly abridged ambulation, a number of central squares crossed, total locomotion, and depicted less coordinated movements. While, in despair swim and tail suspension tests, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated mice significantly decreased duration of immobility and increased number of climbing, confirming its anti-depressant effect. In an elevated plus-maze test, CPHE 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the open arm exploration; in hole board test, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated rats augmented the number of head dips, depicting its anxiolytic effect. In rotarod, grip strength, and inclined plane test, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated mice decreased in fall off time on a rotating rod, suspended wire, or inclined plane. Furthermore, in the chimney test, treatment with CPHE 400 depicted less coordinated movements in mice, and mice of this group took more time to leave the cylinder, depicting its skeletal muscle relaxant effect. Conclusion: Based on the result, it can be concluded that CPHE 400 mg/kg exhibits strong anti-depressant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects, justifying its traditional uses.

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Effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on pharmacological models of epilepsy and anxiety in mice

International Journal of Epilepsy ◽

10.1016/j.ijep.2016.02.001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 03 (01) ◽

pp. 012-019 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Suvarna Ingale ◽

Foram Gandhi

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Antiepileptic Activity ◽

Board Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Moringa Oleifera Leaves ◽

Hole Board ◽

Hole Board Test ◽

Moringa Oleifera Lam

Abstract Objective Among the psychiatric co-morbidities in epilepsy, anxiety disorders are highly frequent and have profound influence on the quality of life of epilepsy patients. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments including anxiety and epilepsy. However, no scientific evidence exists to support its use. We studied antiepileptic and anxiolytic activities of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves (AEMO). Methods Antiepileptic activity was evaluated using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure and maximum electroshock (MES) induced seizure test and anxiolytic activity was evaluated using elevated plus maze, light/dark box and hole board test. Results In present study, AEMO (250, 375 and 500 mg/kg, i.p.) demonstrated significant antiepileptic and anxiolytic effects. To study involvement of GABA in anxiolytic and antiepileptic activity of AEMO, we also evaluated effect of AEMO on Baclofen induced catatonia, a GABA mediated behavior, wherein AEMO significantly potentiated (preponed) baclofen induced catatonia, which is suggestive of its GABA mimetic action. Conclusion Thus, it may be concluded that aqueous extract of M. oleifera possess anxiolytic and antiepileptic effects possibly mediated via of GABA mimetic action and these findings authenticate the traditional claims about use of Moringa oleifera in treatment of epilepsy and anxiety.

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Anxiolytic effects of fractions obtained from Passiflora incarnata L. in the elevated plus maze in mice

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-0030-1264635 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (12) ◽

Author(s):

C Sampath ◽

M Holbik ◽

L Krenn ◽

V Butterweck

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Passiflora Incarnata

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Neuropharmacological Characterization of Dioclea altissima Seed Lectin (DAL) in Mice: Evidence of Anxiolytic-like Effect Mediated by Serotonergic, GABAergic Receptors and NO Pathway

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200331093207 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (31) ◽

pp. 3895-3904

Author(s):

João R.C. Araújo ◽

Adriana R. Campos ◽

Marina de Barros M.V. Damasceno ◽

Sacha A.A.R. Santos ◽

Maria K.A. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Integrity ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Plant Lectins ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Marble Burying ◽

Gabaergic Receptors ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Hole Board

Background: Plant lectins have shown promising biological activities in the central nervous system (CNS). Objective: This study evaluated the effect of DAL, a lectin isolated from the seeds of the Dioclea altissima species, having binding affinity to D-glucose or D-mannose residues, on mice behavior. Methods: Mice (n=6/group) were treated (i.p.) with DAL (0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or vehicle and subjected to several tests (open field/OFT, marble-burying/MBT, hole-board/HBT, elevated plus maze/PMT, tail suspension/ TST, forced swimming/FST or rotarod/RRT). Pizotifen, cyproheptadine, flumazenil, L-NAME, 7-NI, Larginine or yohimbine were administered 15 min before DAL (0.5 mg/kg) and the animals were evaluated on PMT. It was also verified whether the DAL effect depended on its structural integrity and ability to interact with carbohydrates. Results: The results showed there were no neurobehavioral changes in the mice at the RRT, FST and locomotion in the OFT. DAL (0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg) increased the behavior of grooming and rearing in the OFT, head dips in the HBT, pedalling in the TST and decreased the number of marbles hidden in the MBT. In the PMT, DAL (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and Diazepam increased the frequency of entries in the open arms and the time of permanence in the open arms without affecting the locomotor activity. The effect of DAL was dependent on carbohydrate interaction and protein structure integrity and it prevented by pizotifen, cyproheptadine, flumazenil, L-NAME and 7-NI, but not by L-arginine or yohimbine. Conclusion: DAL was found to have an anxiolytic-like effect mediated by the 5-HT and GABAergic receptors and NO pathway.

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Can the Hole–Board Test Predict a Rat’s Exploratory Behavior in a Free-Exploration Test?

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11041068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1068

Author(s):

Wojciech Pisula ◽

Klaudia Modlinska ◽

Katarzyna Goncikowska ◽

Anna Chrzanowska

Keyword(s):

Exploratory Behavior ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Previous Experience ◽

General Hypothesis ◽

Free Exploration ◽

Laboratory Rodents ◽

Board Test ◽

Motivational Mechanism ◽

Hole Board ◽

Hole Board Test

This study focuses on the rat activity in a hole–board setting that we considered a type of exploratory behavior. The general hypothesis is based on the claim that a motivational mechanism is central to both the response to novelty in a highly familiarized environment and the activity in the hole–board apparatus. Our sample consisted of 80 experimentally naive Lister Hooded rats. All rats were tested in the hole–board apparatus. Twenty individuals with the highest hole-board scores and twenty subjects with the lowest hole–board scores subsequently underwent an established free-exploration test. In our study, the scores obtained in the hole–board test had little predictive value for the rats’ activity in the free-exploration test. Based on our previous experience in studying exploratory behavior in the free-exploration test and the data presented in this paper, we suggest that the hole–board test is not an appropriate tool for measuring exploratory behavior in laboratory rodents.

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