scholarly journals Typologies of Trade Strategies and Their Links with Export Promotion Strategy

Ekonomika ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gražina Jatuliavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Evolution Of Development ◽  
Promotion Strategy ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Theoretical Evolution

Trade strategies accepted in a country can explain why countries facing the same external environment, achieve different results of export performance. The article draws attention to both theoretical evolution of development policies and trade strategies and their impact on an economy. Of course, the success of exporting depends on the conditions of external markets, i. e. on demand conditions (slow economic growth and unstable demand reduce possibilities for exporting), but supply conditions, which are affected by the trade strategy in a country, determine the place of exports in an economy and the significance of export promotion strategy and activities.This is especially meaningful for evaluating the case of the Lithuanian economy which was affected by the change of development policies from inward-oriented to outward-oriented, liberalising its highly protectionist trade regime and which is only beginning its export promotion activities.

scholarly journals The Growth Impact of Exports in South Asian Countries

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (4II) ◽  
pp. 901-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid Hameed ◽  
Muhammed Ali Chaudhary ◽  
Kiran Younas Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Promotion Strategy

How exports affect growth has attracted considerable attention of the researchers in recent years. The failure of the import substitution policy during 1950s and 1960s to engender growth, led the South Asian countries to adopt export promotion strategy in the 70s and 80s to foster their economic growth. Many factors have caused this shift. Firstly, higher export earnings are expected to enhance the ability of a developing country to import additional industrial raw materials and capital goods, which in turn, are likely to expand its productive capacity. Secondly, the competition in the exports market may allow for greater capacity utilisation, higher economies of scale, greater specialisation on the basis of comparative advantage and accelerated technical progress in production for greater contribution to increased employment. Thirdly, strong correlation observed between exports and economic growth prompts export promotion further as part of the development strategy [Khan, et al. (1995)].

scholarly journals Exports, Growth and Causality: An Application of Co-integration and Error-correction Modelling

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4III) ◽  
pp. 1001-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashfaque H. Khan ◽  
Afia Malik ◽  
Lubna Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between export expansion and economic growth has been examined extensively during the last two decades in the context of the suitability of the alternative development strategies. The decade of the 1970s witnessed an emerging consensus in favour of export promotion as development strategy. Such a consensus was based on the following facts. First, higher export earnings working through alleviating foreign exchange constraints may enhance the ability of a developing country to import more industrial raw materials and capital goods, which, in turn, may expand its productive capacity. Secondly, the competition in export markets abroad may lead to the exploitation of economies of scale, greater capacity utilisation, efficient resource allocation, and an acceleration of technical progress in production. Thirdly, given the theoretical arguments mentioned above, the observed strong correlation between exports and economic growth was interpreted as empirical evidence in favour of export promotion as a development strategy. The empirical evidence in favour of export promotion rests on the general approach where real growth is regressed on contemporaneous real export, growth and the significance of the export growth coefficient supports the proposition that export growth causes output growth. Balassa (1978); Feder (1982); Fosu (1990); Kavoussi (1984); Tyler (1981) and Ram (1985) have followed such an approach.1 Khan and Saqib (1993), on the other hand, examined the relationship between exports and economic growth by constructing a simultaneous equation model comprising equations for exports and economic growth. They found a strong association between export performance and GDP growth for Pakistan, and that more than 90 percent of the contribution of exports on economic growth was indirect in nature.

scholarly journals Some Comments on the Export Bonus, Export Promotion and Investment Criteria

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Soligo ◽  
Joseph J. Stren
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Promotion Strategy ◽  
Plan Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Additional Manufacturing ◽  
The One ◽  
Export Industries

One of the principal elements in the Third Five Year Plan strategy is to shift > the pattern of investment in favour of export-oriented industries [7]. According to the Plan targets, exports are to increase at a rate of 9.5 per cent per annum over the period 1964/65 to 1969/70, a rate of growth which exceeds the target rate of growth for G.N.P., estimated at 6.5 per cent per annum. Furthermore, the increase in exports is expected mainly in manufactured goods and in non-traditional items such as rice and fish [7]. Put in other terms, the Plan targets propose to divert to exports 10 per cent of additional manufacturing output produced during the Third Plan period. This target contrasts sharply with the actual ex¬perience of the Second Five Year Plan, when only 3 per cent of the additional output of the manufacturing sector was exported. Numerous policies have been used to stimulate exports. Some of these are tax incentives and export performance licensing which entitles certain export industries to additional import licences on the basis of their export performance. The key instrument in the export promotion strategy however, and the one which has received the most attention from economists, is the export bonus scheme. The scheme, first introduced in 1959 and scheduled to run till the end of the Second Plan period, has now been extended to cover the Third Plan as well.

scholarly journals Exports and Economic Growth Nexus: The Case of Pakistan

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (4II) ◽  
pp. 563-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasim Shah Shirazi ◽  
Turkhan Ali Abdul Manap
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Promotion Strategy

The theoretical association between trade and economic growth has been discussed for over two centuries. However, controversy still persists regarding their real effects. The favourable arguments with respect to trade can be traced back to the classical school of economic thought that started with Adam Smith and subsequently enriched by the work of Ricardo, Torrens, James Mill and John Stuart Mill in the first part of the nineteenth century. Since then the justification for free trade and the various and indisputable benefits that international specialisation brings to the productivity of nations have been widely discussed in the economic literature [Bhagwati (1978) and Krueger (1978)]. The suitability of trade policy-import substitution or export promotion—for growth and development has been also debated in the literature. In 1950s and 1960s, most of the developing countries followed import substitution (IS) policies for the economic growth. The proponents of the IS policy stress upon the need for developing countries (LDCs) to evolve their own style of development and to control their own destiny [Todaro and Smith (2003), p. 556]. Since the mid-1970s, in most developing countries, there has been considerable shift towards export promotion strategy (EP). 1 This approach postulates that export expansion leads to better resource allocation, creating economies of scale and production efficiency through technological development, capital formation, and employment generation.

ANALISIS PENGARUH EKSPOR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ari Mulianta Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
The Relationship

Ekspor merupakan salah satu faktor terjadinya peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, sejalan dengan hipotesis export-led growth (ELG). Penelitian ini menganalisis perkembangan ekspor dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia periode kuartal I 2001 sampai dengan kuartal IV 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif dalam menggambarkan perkembangan pertumbuhan ekonomi serta ekspor dan analisis kuantitatif metode Error Correction Model (ECM) dalam menganalisis efek jangka panjang dan jangka pendek dari ekspor terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pada periode penelitian, data yang ada menunjukkan bahwa ekspor dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia sama-sama mengalami peningkatan. Hasil regresi ECM menunjukkan bahwa ekspor memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, yang mendukung hipotesis bahwa ELG berlaku untuk Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, maka untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia diperlukan peningkatan kinerja ekspor Indonesia. Peningkatan kinerja ekspor Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, salah satunya adalah dengan perbaikan sistem administrasi ekspor, peningkatan riset dan pengembangan produk Indonesia, peningkatan sarana dan prasarana infrastruktur, stabilitas nilai tukar dan perluasan pasar non tradisional, termasuk perbaikan struktur ekspor komoditas. Export is one of the factors behind the economic growth which is in line with the export-led growth hypotesis (ELG). This research analyzes the relationship between economic growth and export of Indonesia during first quarter of 2001 until fourth quarter of 2015. It employs descriptive analysis to describe export movement and economic growth during the study period and ECM model to analyze the long run and the short run effects of export on the economic growth. The available information indicated that, during the study period, both export and economic growth showed similar increasing trends. The result of the ECM model revealed that export had a positive and statistically significant relationship with the economic growth, supporting the hypotesis of ELG in Indonesia. Hence, to accelerate economic growth, efforts are required to boost the export performance in Indonesia. The Export performance can be increased by several way, such as improving the export administration system, increasing the research and development of Indonesian products, improving the facilities and infrastructure, exchange rate stability and the non-tradisional markets expansion, and including improvement of the export commodity structure.

Export-led Growth Hypothesis in MINT Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harun Bal ◽  
Shahanara Basher ◽  
Abdulla Hil Mamun ◽  
Emrah Akça
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Promotion Strategy ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Growth Hypothesis

The contribution of exports to GDP in MINT countries that improve substantially just after their implantation of export promotion strategy in the late 1980s raises the issue of whether the growth in these countries is led by export or not. While a good number of studies have been found investigating whether economic growth is promoted by exports for developing countries having an outstanding share of export in GDP, no study investigating the export-led growth hypothesis for MINT countries has been found until recent times. The main purpose of this study is to fill up the void. The study employs panel cointegration technique with an aim to examine whether the export is the key factor of economic growth for MINT countries employing yearly secondary data that covers the period. Results of the study imply that economic growth of these countries is considerably exports driven. Moreover, there is an indication of improvement of efficiency as exports work along with the rise capital formation. As the employment opportunity of an economy is expanded through capital formation, the emerging MINT countries endowed with large population and favorable demographics are expected to become the major exporters with strong GDP growth by being able to attract adequate foreign investment.

Prospects for the UK economy in 2022

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
The Uk

Significance However, the recovery has also led to supply bottlenecks and labour shortages, which have resulted in inflationary pressures. While most of the pandemic-related impacts on the economy are expected to be transitory, longer-term challenges such as export performance, net migration and productivity will weigh on economic growth.

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