Bank ownership structure and reputation through sustainability reporting in Indonesia

Purpose This paper aims to find empirical evidence of bank ownership structures on bank reputation through the mediating role of sustainability reporting (SR) in Indonesian banking sector. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses purposive sampling to obtain 279 observations from 43 listed banks in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2012–2018. This study uses structure equation modelling analysis in the AMOS software and intervening test from the Sobel test to investigate the direct and indirect effect in this research model. Findings The empirical results evidence: foreign, government and public ownership exhibit significant positive effect on SR but not with family ownership; SR positively affects bank reputation; SR appears as a mediator in which foreign, government and public ownership have a positive effect on the bank reputation through the indirect effect of SR while family ownership exhibits insignificant result. Practical implications The practical contribution of this study is that SR is proven to increase bank reputation through the legitimation from the public, so the management must properly pay attention by publishing this report. Originality/value This study provides several novelties to the literature: SR is used as a mediator in the relationships between bank ownership and reputation in which there is very limited studies investigating these aspects, especially in Indonesia. In addition, most SR studies in Indonesia still focus on SR determinants rather than its impact; customer deposits are used as a measurement basis of the bank reputation as it reflects better the trust and perception of the market so that it is relevant with the reputation level.

International Evidence on Extending Sovereign Debt Maturities

Portfolio diversification is as important to debt management as it is to asset management. In this paper, we focus on diversification of sovereign debt issuance by examining the extension of the maximum maturity of issued debt. In particular, we examine the potential costs to the U.S. Treasury of introducing 50-year bonds as a financing option. Based on evidence from foreign government bond markets with such long-term debt, our results suggest that a 50-year Treasury bond would likely trade at an average yield that is at most 20 basis points above that of a 30-year bond. Our results based on extrapolations from a dynamic yield curve model using just U.S. Treasury yields are similar.

APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF GENERATIONS IN THE WORLD PRACTICE IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND BUSINESS

The theory of generations has made significant changes in HR as a stream of knowledge, offering new approaches and tools. In this regard, foreign companies and government agencies, taking into account the specifics of the links when updating the team structure, retain their attractiveness and leadership. The outflow of potential labor force from the labor market of the RK to foreign enterprises indicates the presence of serious problems in the field of human resource management. The article analyzes the use of developments and implementations of foreign government structures and businesses, focused on the values of generations.

5. The politics of arbitration against governments

This chapter focuses on the most politically charged type of arbitration: arbitration between an investor and a foreign government. Investment arbitration marks a great step forward for rule of law in international affairs. A government does not escape responsibility by saying that its own law or courts have declared a given abuse against an investor to be lawful. Investment treaties set out substantive protections, such as fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and a guarantee against discriminatory expropriation. They give investors legal rights independent of domestic rules that an unfriendly government might have manipulated at the investor’s cost. The chapter then considers the emerging critique of investment arbitration.

Government Agencies and Private Companies Undertake Actions to Limit the Impact of Foreign Influence and Interference in the 2020 U.S. Election

After Russia targeted the 2016 presidential election, U.S. government authorities repeatedly warned about the prospects of foreign interference in and influence on the 2020 election. Throughout the fall of 2020, government officials and private companies took a number of actions to address threats to the election, including issuing public warnings, imposing sanctions, and taking down foreign government-linked accounts. In a declassified report released in March 2021, the intelligence community concluded that although Russia and Iran carried out influence operations to affect the election, there are “no indications that any foreign actor attempted to alter any technical aspect of the voting process in the 2020 US elections, including voter registration, casting ballots, vote tabulation, or reporting results.” In December 2020, however, U.S. cybersecurity firm FireEye disclosed that it suffered a breach by a nation-state sponsored actor, and numerous U.S. government agencies soon revealed that they too had been breached in intrusions widely attributed to Russia.

EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND POLICY MAKING IN PAKISTAN (FROM 1947 TO 1980)

Pakistan appeared on the globe of the world as an independent country in 1947 after the British rule ended in India. At the time of independence, Pakistan inherited an educational system that was launched by a foreign government before hundred years ago. This system was established on economic, cultural, social, and political notions that were totally dissimilar from the ideologies of independent nations. During the colonial period, specific development in the education system has been observed. However, this development was mostly restricted to Indian areas. The areas consisted of Pakistan were surprisingly backward in all fields as well as in education. 85% of the population of Pakistan was illiterate at the time of independence. The literacy rate was much low in underdeveloped regions such as Baluchistan and the share of rural women in literacy rate was almost zero. A reviewing study of the history of educational planning and policymaking in Pakistan during the period of 1947 to 1980 was commenced which demonstrates that fixing of goals and targets, unsuccessfulness in the achievement of these goals, and fixing of new tasks with demonstrative willingness is an ongoing activity. The policymakers have been playing this game on countless public expenses from the past more than 70 years. Different forms of governments whether military or civilians, socialist or Islamic, elected or otherwise have done slight alterations in the style of playing of this game. The outcomes have been similar in all instances. The purpose of the study is to learn the salient features of educational planning and policies in Pakistan from 1947 to 1980. The analysis shows the lack of political commitment towards education or literacy. This paper recommends that the targets of educational policies can be acquired through the implementation of a proper mechanism for the execution and constant monitoring of these policies.

The Rise of Data Politics: Digital China and the World

Data has become one of the most valuable assets for governments and firms. Yet, we still have a limited understanding of how data reshapes international economic relations. This paper explores various aspects of data politics through the lens of China’s digital rise and the country’s global engagement. I start with the theoretical premise that data differs from traditional strategic assets (e.g., land, oil, and labor), in that it is nonrival and partially excludable. These characteristics have generated externality, commitment, and valuation problems, triggering three fundamental changes in China’s external economic relations. First, data’s externality problem makes it necessary for states to regulate data or even to pursue data sovereignty. However, clashes over data sovereignty can ignite conflicts between China and other countries. Second, the commitment problem in data use raises global concerns about foreign government surveillance. As data is easier to transfer across borders than physical commodities, Chinese tech companies’ investments abroad are vulnerable to national security investigations by foreign regulators. Chinese tech companies, therefore, confront a “deep versus broad” dilemma: deep ties with the Chinese government help promote their domestic business but jeopardize their international expansion. Lastly, data’s valuation problem makes traditional measures (e.g., GDP) ill-suited to measure the relative strengths of the world’s economies, which may distort perceptions of China and other states.

Binational Gatekeepers

While the 1891 and 1893 Immigration Acts established inspection protocols that remained in place for decades, less is known about how US agents initially translated gatekeeping laws into the durable policy directives that had a profound effect on the migration of working-class people. Before the “qualitative” restriction of specific racial, social, and economic conditions transitioned to a period of “quantitative” or enumerated exclusion by the 1920s, the US government had to establish a structure to carry out the work of exclusion, but this early era of qualitative gatekeeping is less understood. Italian encounters with federal agents at Ellis Island show how the 1891 and 1893 laws empowered the administrative state to carry out the work of exclusion shadowed by the banality of bureaucratic decision-making. The records of the short-lived Office of Labor Information and Protection for Italians (1894–99), the only outpost of a foreign government allowed to operate in the main processing building on Ellis Island, offers a rare snapshot of the gatekeeping process in its crucial early years. Given that Italians were the single largest ethnic group to be processed at Ellis Island over its sixty-two-year history and the primary target of inspectors in the station’s first decade, their experiences with bureaucratic exclusion illuminate how the United States moved to systematically control working-class migration.

Conflicting Approaches to the U.S. Common Law of Foreign Official Immunity

For more than a decade, U.S. courts have struggled to develop a common law immunity regime to govern suits brought against foreign government officials, and they are now divided on a number of issues, including the extent to which they should defer to the executive branch and whether to recognize a jus cogens exception. This Editorial Comment considers a more conceptual division in the courts, between an “effect-of-judgment” approach that would confer immunity only when the judgment that the plaintiff is seeking would be directly enforceable against the foreign state, and a broader “nature-of-act” approach that would confer immunity whenever the plaintiff's case is challenging conduct carried out on behalf of the state. The Comment argues in favor of the nature-of-act approach and explains why analogies in this context to domestic civil rights litigation are misplaced.