scholarly journals Planning the Future of a Disabled Person: Civil Law Solutions?

Teisė ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
Marta Monterroso Rosas

If the disabled person wants to plan, guarantee and design a patrimonial strategy to safeguard future needs, how does the Law respond? Which are the legal instruments one can resort to in order to anticipate or organize mechanisms able to meet the special requirements of a disabled person? This paper aims to analyse this problem, making a connection with the Rule of Law.

Author(s):  
Jens Damgaard Thaysen

Modern states pursue most of their (domestic) ends by creating law and acting in accordance with the law they create. Moreover, many believe states ought to pursue most of their ends this way. If a state ought to do something, then chances are it ought to do it by creating, abolishing, changing, upholding, or enforcing some law. Therefore, almost any kind of political philosophy with bearing on what states should do has bearing on what law should be like. Justifying the legal proscription of some conduct involves more than just showing that citizens ought to refrain from that conduct. Legally restricting conduct is an exercise of coercion and must be justified as such. Criminal prohibitions in particular require special justification, as they are not only coercive but also commit the state to deliberately inflict the harm and stigma of punishment on some of its own citizens. Nevertheless, if the state must coerce its citizens, it ought generally to do so through a law that conforms to the rule of law. Law conforms to the rule of law if it is capable of guiding the citizens as they act and plan for the future. This the law can do only if it is open, clear, prospective, and stable, such that citizens can know what it demands now and predict with reasonable certainty what it will demand in the future. Conformity to the rule of law promotes freedom and is required to respect human dignity. Much of the debate about the justification and scope of legal coercion revolves around several principles that advance claims about what considerations are relevant to the justifiability of law. These principles all have the following structure: The fact that a legal restriction of a certain kind is related in a certain way to a certain type of conduct has a certain impact on whether that restriction is justifiable. Common principles include (a) legal moralism, according to which it is always a good reason to criminalize conduct that the conduct is wrongful; (b) the wrongness constraint, according to which criminalizing morally permissible conduct is never justified; (c) liberalism, according to which it is always a good reason to criminalize conduct that the conduct is either harmful or seriously offensive to others, and criminalizing conduct that is neither harmful nor offensive is never justified; (d) the public wrong principle, according to which it is always a good reason to criminalize conduct that the conduct is a public wrong, and criminalizing conduct is never justified unless the conduct is a public wrong; (e) the sovereignty principle, according to which the only legitimate restrictions on conduct are those that secure independence. Which, if any, of these principles one should accept is the subject of an extensive and sophisticated academic debate.


2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Lord Bingham

This is the text of the 2008 Robin Cooke Lecture delivered by Lord Bingham on Thursday 4 December 2008. The author argues that the rule of law dictates that the law should be accessible, intelligible, clear, and predicable. First, citizens must be able to find out without undue difficulty regarding any criminal punishments or liability. Secondly, if the civil law confers enforceable rights or obligations, it is important to know what those rights and obligations are. Thirdly, the successful conduct of trade, investment and business generally is promoted by a body of accessible legal rules governing the rights and obligations of the parties. The author then turns to judges and explores several issues for the nature of judgments. First, Lord Bingham asks who the judge is addressing when giving judgment. Secondly, the author explores the "essential ingredients" of a judgment. Thirdly, the author explores the qualities of good judgments. Finally, the judge asks whether multiple judgments in appellate courts are desirable. The author concludes that an undue willingness in a judge to innovate subverts the very principle that he described in the article and commends Lord Cooke for his role as a simplifier, clarifier, and an expounder of law.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-426
Author(s):  
Yahyanto Yahyanto

The fundamental principle of human rights is that all people are born free and have equality in human rights. Equality requires equal treatment; it means that anyone should be treated equally in any condition before the law. The idea of Human Rights in the Draft of the Law on Criminal Procedure Code, which will be upheld, will become a new legalized law in the future, not apart from lifting and placing a suspect, defendant, and convicted dignified position as a creature of God. Moreover, in the end, declarative human rights principles will not mean much if the stage of the rule of law does not follow them.Fundamental dari hak asasi manusia adalah ide yang meletakkan semua orang terlahir bebas dan memiliki kesetaraan dalam hak asasi manusia. Kesetaraan mensyaratkan adanya perlakuan yang setara, dimana pada situasi sama harus diperlakukan dengan sama, dimana pada situasi yang berbeda diperlakukan dengan berbeda pula.  Pemikiran HAM dalam RUU KUHAP  yang akan diundangkan menjadi UU kedepan, tidak terlepas  mengangkat dan menempatkan seorang tersangka, terdakwa dan terpidana dalam kedudukan yang bermartabat sebagai makhluk ciptaan Tuhan. Dan pada akhirnya, prinsip-prinsip HAM yang bersifat deklaratif tidak akan banyak berarti apabila tidak diikuti dengan tahap supremasi hukum. 


Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova ◽  
Ivan Semenov

The national legal system is determined by traditional elements characterizing the culture and customs that exist in the social environment in the form of moral standards and the law. However, the attitude of the population to the letter of the law, as a rule, initially contains negative properties in order to preserve personal freedom, status, position. Therefore, to solve pressing problems of rooting in the minds of society of the elementary foundations of the initial order, and then the rule of law in the public sphere, proverbs and sayings were developed that in essence contained legal educational criteria.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Shoxrukhkhon Saidov ◽  

This article describes the specifics of the law-making process conducted by the prosecutor's office. The purpose and principles of the prosecutor's office's participation in this process have been studied scientifically and theoretically. Taking into account the high relevance of ensuring legality in the law-making process, opinions were expressed about the need for adequate regulation and organization of solving this task by the prosecutor's office at the level of law and legality. The participation of the prosecutor's office in law-making activities contradicts the needs of the population, the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, ensuring the rule of law, promoting the formation of a unified legal space and improving legislation, ensuring consistency legal instructions, systematization of legislation, scientifically based analysis are aimed at reducing the influence of bureaucratic interests and preventing the inclusion of factors that generate corruption in normative acts and their projects


Author(s):  
Egidijus Küris

Western legal tradition gave the birth to the concept of the rule of law. Legal theory and constitutional justice significantly contributed to the crystallisation of its standards and to moving into the direction of the common concept of the rule of law. The European Court of Human Rights uses this concept as an interpretative tool, the extension of which is the quality of the law doctrine, which encompasses concrete requirements for the law under examination in this Court, such as prospectivity of law, its foreseeability, clarity etc. The author of the article, former judge of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court and currently the judge of the European Court of Human Rights, examines how the latter court has gradually intensified (not always consistently) its reliance on the rule of law as a general principle, inherent in all the Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights, to the extent that in some of its judgments it concentrates not anymore on the factual situation of an individual applicant, but, first and foremost, on the examination of the quality of the law. The trend is that, having found the quality of the applicable law to be insufficient, the Court considers that the mere existence of contested legislation amounts to an unjustifiable interference into a respective right and finds a violation of respective provisions of the Convention. This is an indication of the Court’s progressing self-approximation to constitutional courts, which are called to exercise abstract norm-control.La tradición occidental alumbró la noción del Estado de Derecho. La teoría del Derecho y la Justicia Constitucional han contribuido decisivamente a la cristalización de sus estándares, ayudando a conformar un acervo común en torno al mismo. El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos emplea la noción de Estado de Derecho como una herramienta interpretativa, fundamentalmente centrada en la doctrina de la calidad de la ley, que implica requisitos concretos que exige el Tribunal tales como la claridad, la previsibilidad, y la certeza en la redacción y aplicación de la norma. El autor, en la actualidad Juez del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y anterior Magistrado del Tribunal Constitucional de Lituania, examina cómo el primero ha intensificado gradualmente (no siempre de forma igual de consistente) su confianza en el Estado de Derecho como principio general, inherente a todos los preceptos que forman el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, hasta el punto de que en algunas de sus resoluciones se concentra no tanto en la situación de hecho del demandante individual sino, sobre todo y ante todo, en el examen de esa calidad de la ley. La tendencia del Tribunal es a considerar que, si observa que la ley no goza de calidad suficiente, la mera existencia de la legislación discutida supone una interferencia injustificable dentro del derecho en cuestión y declara la violación del precepto correspondiente del Convenio. Esto implica el acercamiento progresivo del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos a los Tribunales Constitucionales, quienes tienen encargado el control en abstracto de la norma legal.


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