PROSPECTS FOR STATE SUPPORT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIOMETHANE INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE UNTIL 2040

The paper considers the prospects for the state support for the development of biomethane industry in Ukraine from 2025 to 2040. The main financial incentives for the use of biomass-derived energy are a special tariff for heat from sources other than natural gas, and a feed-in tariff (the auction price in the future). In the EU, biomethane production is gaining ground due to available financial incentives (premiums to the cost of natural gas, and premiums to feed-in tariff). The main obstacle to the large-scale spread of biogas (and, accordingly, biomethane) is the high cost of equipment. The amounts of state support for biogas production with its purification to biomethane and supply of the latter to the gas transmission and gas distribution networks under the conditions of biomethane production in the amounts provided by the draft Roadmap for Bioenergy Development in Ukraine until 2050 were assessed. While maintaining the price of natural gas at the level of prices of 2021 (EUR 0.24/m3), the need to subsidize biomethane production from 2025 to 2040 can reach EUR 0.263-3.5 billion, on average EUR 16.5-217 million per year. Infrastructure expenditures were not taken into account in the assessment. The possibility of electricity output from biomethane was not considered, as biogas refining to the quality of biomethane requires additional funds. The statutory auction price may be sufficient only for certain types of feedstock and for large biogas plants. The use of biomethane may be appropriate in the transport sector, as biomethane is an "advanced biofuel", and Ukraine already has a relatively extensive network of methane filling stations. Biomethane production in Ukraine will require state support, particularly in the form of direct subsidies to biomethane producers (in the form of premium to the price of natural gas), and in the form of a premium to the auction price. The use of biomethane will partially reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels, being also an important element in the decarbonization of sectors using natural gas, replacing up to 0.76 billion m3 of the latter in 2040, which is in line with the global leading decarbonization trends.

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Prospects of state support of the development of the biomethane industry in Ukraine until 2040

Economy and Forecasting ◽

10.15407/econforecast2021.02.110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (2) ◽

pp. 110-122

Author(s):

Trypolska Galyna ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Financial Incentives ◽

Large Scale ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Transport Sector ◽

State Support ◽

Auction Price ◽

Biomethane Production

The paper considers the prospects for the state support for the development of biomethane industry in Ukraine from 2025 to 2040. The main financial incentives for the use of biomass-derived energy are a special tariff for heat from sources other than natural gas, and a feed-in tariff (the auction price in the future). In the EU, biomethane production is gaining ground due to available financial incentives (premiums to the cost of natural gas, and feed-in premiums). The main obstacle to the large-scale spread of biogas (and, accordingly, biomethane) is the high cost of equipment. The amounts of state support for biogas production with its purification to biomethane and supply of the latter to the gas transmission and gas distribution networks under the conditions of biomethane production in the amounts provided by the draft Roadmap for Bioenergy Development in Ukraine until 2050 were assessed. While maintaining the price of natural gas at 2021 prices (EUR 0.24/m3), the need to subsidize biomethane production from 2025 to 2040 can reach EUR 0.263-3.5 billion, on average EUR 16.5-217 million per year. Infrastructure expenditures were not taken into account in the assessment. The possibility of electricity output from biomethane was not considered, as biogas refining to the quality of biomethane requires additional funds. The statutory auction price may be sufficient only for certain types of feedstock and for large biogas plants. The use of biomethane may be appropriate in the transport sector, as biomethane is an "advanced biofuel", and Ukraine already has a relatively extensive network of methane filling stations. Biomethane production in Ukraine will require state support, particularly in the form of direct subsidies to biomethane producers (in the form of premium to the price of natural gas), and in the form of a premium to the auction price. The use of biomethane will partially reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels, being also an important element in the decarbonization of sectors using natural gas, replacing up to 0.76 billion m3 of the latter in 2040, which is in line with the global leading decarbonization trends.

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Transport of Goods Powered by Cereal Straw: Temporal and Spatial Biomass Availability for Future Bio-LNG Production in Germany

10.21203/rs.3.rs-16344/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

André Brosowski ◽

Ralf Bill ◽

Daniela Thrän

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Data Sets ◽

Climate Target ◽

Cereal Straw ◽

Arable Fields ◽

Biomethane Production ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

The Difference ◽

Biomass Availability

Abstract Background: Half of the UN climate target for 2030 has been achieved and further progress requires swiftly implementable solutions. In this context, the fermentation of cereal straw is a promising option. Returning the digestate to the farmland can close agricultural cycles while simultaneously producing biomethane for the transport sector. The world's first large-scale, mono-digestion plant for straw is operational since 2014. The temporal and spatial biomass availability is a key issue when replicating this concept. No detailed calculations on this subject are available, and the strategic relevance of biomethane from straw in the transport sector cannot be sufficiently evaluated.Methods: To assess the balance of straw supply and use, a total of 30 data sets are combined, taking into account the cultivation of the five most important cereal types and the straw required for ten animal species, two special crops and twelve industrial uses. The data are managed at district level and presented for the years 2010 to 2018. In combination with high-resolution geodata, the results are linked to actual arable fields, and the availability of straw throughout the country is evaluated using a GIS.Results: During the analysis period, the mobilisable potential for future biomethane production is between 13.9–21.5 Tg fm a-1; this is up to 62 % higher than the previously known level. The annual potential fluctuates considerably due to weather anomalies. The all-time maximum in 2014 and the minimum for the last 26 years in 2018 are separated by just four years and a difference of 7.6 Tg fm. However, large parts of the potential are concentrated only in a few regions and liquefied biomethane could fully cover the fuel required for vessels, and up to a quarter of that for heavy goods vehicles. Up to 11.3 Tg CO2-eq. could be saved, reducing the difference to achieve the UN climate target by 3.7 %.Conclusion: Despite the strong fluctuations, the potential is sufficient to supply numerous plants and to produce relevant quantities of liquefied biomethane even in weak years. To unlock the potential, the outcomes should be discussed further with stakeholders in the identified priority regions.

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Thermodynamic and Economic Feasibility of Energy Recovery from Pressure Reduction Stations in Natural Gas Distribution Networks

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13174453 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 4453 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Piero Danieli ◽

Gianluca Carraro ◽

Andrea Lazzaretto

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Energy Recovery ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Large Scale ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Energy Content ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Pressure Reduction ◽

Gas Distribution

A big amount of the pressure energy content in the natural gas distribution networks is wasted in throttling valves of pressure reduction stations (PRSs). Just a few energy recovery systems are currently installed in PRSs and are mostly composed of radial turboexpanders coupled with cogeneration internal combustion engines or gas-fired heaters providing the necessary preheating. This paper clarifies the reason for the scarce diffusion of energy recovery systems in PRSs and provides guidelines about the most feasible energy recovery technologies. Nine thousand PRSs are monitored and allocated into 12 classes, featuring different expansion ratios and available power. The focus is on PRSs with 1-to-20 expansion ratio and 1-to-500 kW available power. Three kinds of expanders are proposed in combination with different preheating systems based on boilers, heat pumps, or cogeneration engines. The goal is to identify, for each class, the most feasible combination by looking at the minimum payback period and maximum net present value. Results show that small size volumetric expanders with low expansion ratios and coupled with gas-fired heaters have the highest potential for large-scale deployment of energy recovery from PRSs. Moreover, the total recoverable energy using the feasible recovery systems is approximately 15% of the available energy.

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Analysis of the Role of the Latvian Natural Gas Network for the use of Future Energy Systems: Hydrogen from Res

Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences ◽

10.2478/lpts-2021-0027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 214-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Kleperis ◽

D. Boss ◽

A. Mezulis ◽

L. Zemite ◽

P. Lesnicenoks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Large Scale ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Systems ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Emission Sources ◽

Gas Network ◽

Carbon Neutrality ◽

Natural Gas Network

Abstract As EU is steadily moving in the direction of emission reduction, each country must develop plans to decarbonise the transport and energy sectors. In Latvia, transport sector is one of the biggest emission sources. The heating applications come next. Both require carbon containing fuels and a transfer to carbon neutral fuel is necessary; therefore, hydrogen may be the answer to achieve the overall EU targets. As Latvia has renewable energy sources, some production, storage and use of hydrogen are possible. Currently clear guidelines for Latvia have been investigated. The existing natural gas network may be used for two tasks: large-scale hydrogen transportation and decarbonisation of natural gas network. To open the natural gas networks for hydrogen, the first evaluations are made and a possible scenario for hydrogen implementation in network supplying consumers in the household sector is analysed to evaluate decarbonisation with an overarching goal of carbon neutrality.

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Temporal and spatial availability of cereal straw in Germany—Case study: Biomethane for the transport sector

Energy Sustainability and Society ◽

10.1186/s13705-020-00274-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

André Brosowski ◽

Ralf Bill ◽

Daniela Thrän

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Data Sets ◽

Cereal Straw ◽

Low Emission ◽

Arable Fields ◽

Biomethane Production ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Biomass Availability

Abstract Background By 2030, the German transport sector needs to achieve additional greenhouse gas savings of 67 million tonnes CO2-eq. and further progress requires swiftly implementable solutions. The fermentation of cereal straw is a promising option. Returning the digestate to the farmland can close agricultural cycles while simultaneously producing biomethane. The world's first large-scale, mono-digestion plant for straw is operational since 2014. The temporal and spatial biomass availability is a key issue when replicating this concept. No detailed calculations on this subject are available, and the strategic relevance of biomethane from straw in the transport sector cannot be sufficiently evaluated. Methods To assess the balance of straw supply and use, a total of 30 data sets are combined, taking into account the cultivation of the five most important cereal types and the straw required for ten animal species, two special crops and 12 industrial uses. The data are managed at district level and presented for the years 2010 to 2018. In combination with high-resolution geodata, the results are linked to actual arable fields, and the availability of straw throughout the country is evaluated using a GIS. Results During the analysis period and based on the assumption that in case of fermentation up to 70% of the straw can be utilised, the mobilisable technical biomass potential for future biomethane production is between 13.9–21.5 Tg fm a−1. The annual potential fluctuates considerably due to weather anomalies. The all-time maximum in 2014 and the minimum for the last 26 years in 2018 are separated by just 4 years and a difference of 7.6 Tg fm. However, large parts of the potential are concentrated only in a few regions and biomethane from straw could provide 57–145 PJ of a low-emission fuel, saving 3–12 Tg CO2-eq. in case of full exploitation. Conclusion Despite the strong fluctuations and high uncertainties, the potential is sufficient to supply numerous plants and to produce relevant quantities of biomethane even in weak years. To unlock the potential, the outcomes should be evaluated and discussed further with stakeholders in the identified priority regions.

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Temporal and Spatial Availability of Cereal Straw in Germany - Case Study: Biomethane for the Transport Sector

10.21203/rs.3.rs-16344/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

André Brosowski ◽

Ralf Bill ◽

Daniela Thrän

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Data Sets ◽

Cereal Straw ◽

Low Emission ◽

Arable Fields ◽

Biomethane Production ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Biomass Availability

Abstract Background: By 2030, the German transport sector needs to achieve additional greenhouse gas savings of 67 million tonnes CO2-eq. and further progress requires swiftly implementable solutions. The fermentation of cereal straw is a promising option. Returning the digestate to the farmland can close agricultural cycles while simultaneously producing biomethane. The world's first large-scale, mono-digestion plant for straw is operational since 2014. The temporal and spatial biomass availability is a key issue when replicating this concept. No detailed calculations on this subject are available, and the strategic relevance of biomethane from straw in the transport sector cannot be sufficiently evaluated.Methods: To assess the balance of straw supply and use, a total of 30 data sets are combined, taking into account the cultivation of the five most important cereal types and the straw required for ten animal species, two special crops and twelve industrial uses. The data are managed at district level and presented for the years 2010 to 2018. In combination with high-resolution geodata, the results are linked to actual arable fields, and the availability of straw throughout the country is evaluated using a GIS.Results: During the analysis period and based on the assumption that in case of fermentation up to 70 % of the straw can be utilised, the mobilisable technical biomass potential for future biomethane production is between 13.9–21.5 Tg fm a-1. The annual potential fluctuates considerably due to weather anomalies. The all-time maximum in 2014 and the minimum for the last 26 years in 2018 are separated by just four years and a difference of 7.6 Tg fm. However, large parts of the potential are concentrated only in a few regions and biomethane from straw could provide 57–145 PJ of a low-emission fuel, saving 3–12 Tg CO2-eq. in case of full exploitation.Conclusion: Despite the strong fluctuations and high uncertainties, the potential is sufficient to supply numerous plants and to produce relevant quantities of biomethane even in weak years. To unlock the potential, the outcomes should be evaluated and discussed further with stakeholders in the identified priority regions.

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Biogas Production Using Anaerobic Digestion of Industrial Waste

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.832.55 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 832 ◽

pp. 55-62

Author(s):

Ján Gaduš ◽

Tomáš Giertl ◽

Viera Kažimírová

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Large Scale ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Biogas Plant ◽

Parallel Operation ◽

Paper Production ◽

Biochemical Conversion ◽

Mixed Biomass ◽

Economic Balance

In the paper experiments and theory of biogas production using industrial waste from paper production as a co-substrate are described. The main aim of the experiments was to evaluate the sensitivity and applicability of the biochemical conversion using the anaerobic digestion of the mixed biomass in the pilot fermentor (5 m3), where the mesophillic temperature was maintained. It was in parallel operation with a large scale fermentor (100 m3). The research was carried out at the biogas plant in Kolíňany, which is a demonstration facility of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The experiments proved that the waste arising from the paper production can be used in case of its appropriate dosing as an input substrate for biogas production, and thus it can improve the economic balance of the biogas plant.

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Differential hydrocarbon enrichment in deep Paleogene tight sandstones of the Dongpu Depression in Eastern China

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/0144598720988112 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 014459872098811

Author(s):

Yuanyuan Zhang ◽

Zhanli Ren ◽

Youlu Jiang ◽

Jingdong Liu

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Large Scale ◽

Eastern China ◽

Continuous Distribution ◽

Gas Reservoirs ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Hydrocarbon Charging ◽

Dongpu Depression ◽

Kerogen Pyrolysis

To clarify the characteristics and enrichment rules of Paleogene tight sandstone reservoirs inside the rifted-basin of Eastern China, the third member of Shahejie Formation (abbreviated as Es3) in Wendong area of Dongpu Depression is selected as the research object. It not only clarified the geochemical characteristics of oil and natural gas in the Es3 of Wendong area through testing and analysis of crude oil biomarkers, natural gas components and carbon isotopes, etc.; but also compared and explained the types and geneses of oil and gas reservoirs in slope zone and sub-sag zone by matching relationship between the porosity evolution of tight reservoirs and the charging process of hydrocarbons. Significant differences have been found between the properties and the enrichment rules of hydrocarbon reservoirs in different structural areas in Wendong area. The study shows that the Paleogene hydrocarbon resources are quasi-continuous distribution in Wendong area. The late kerogen pyrolysis gas, light crude oil, medium crude oil, oil-cracked gas and the early kerogen pyrolysis gas are distributed in a semicircle successively, from the center of sub-sag zone to the uplift belt, that is the result of two discontinuous hydrocarbon charging. Among them, the slope zone is dominated by early conventional filling of oil-gas mixture (at the late deposition period of Dongying Formation, about 31–27 Ma ago), while the reservoirs are gradually densified in the late stage without large-scale hydrocarbon charging (since the deposition stage of Minghuazhen Formation, about 6–0 Ma). In contrast, the sub-sag zone is lack of oil reservoirs, but a lot of late kerogen pyrolysis gas reservoirs are enriched, and the reservoir densification and hydrocarbon filling occur in both early and late stages.

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Future Power Train Solutions for Long-Haul Trucks

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042225 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2225

Author(s):

Ralf Peters ◽

Janos Lucian Breuer ◽

Maximilian Decker ◽

Thomas Grube ◽

Martin Robinius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cells ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Value Chain ◽

Large Scale ◽

New Technology ◽

Co2 Reduction ◽

Road Transport ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Long Distance ◽

Production Of Hydrogen

Achieving the CO2 reduction targets for 2050 requires extensive measures being undertaken in all sectors. In contrast to energy generation, the transport sector has not yet been able to achieve a substantive reduction in CO2 emissions. Measures for the ever more pressing reduction in CO2 emissions from transportation include the increased use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells. The use of fuel cells requires the production of hydrogen and the establishment of a corresponding hydrogen production system and associated infrastructure. Synthetic fuels made using carbon dioxide and sustainably-produced hydrogen can be used in the existing infrastructure and will reach the extant vehicle fleet in the medium term. All three options require a major expansion of the generation capacities for renewable electricity. Moreover, various options for road freight transport with light duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are analyzed and compared. In addition to efficiency throughout the entire value chain, well-to-wheel efficiency and also other aspects play an important role in this comparison. These include: (a) the possibility of large-scale energy storage in the sense of so-called ‘sector coupling’, which is offered only by hydrogen and synthetic energy sources; (b) the use of the existing fueling station infrastructure and the applicability of the new technology on the existing fleet; (c) fulfilling the power and range requirements of the long-distance road transport.

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Comparative Exploration of Mini Vertical Axis Breeze-Driven Generator

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.964 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 670-671 ◽

pp. 964-967

Author(s):

Shu Hua Bai ◽

Hai Dong Yang

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Wind Turbine ◽

Wind Power ◽

North Africa ◽

Large Scale ◽

Solar Power ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Green Energy ◽

Energy Crisis ◽

Fossil Energy

Nowadays, energy crisis is becoming increasingly serious. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and other fossil energy tend to be exhausted due to the crazy exploration. In recent decades, several long lasting local wars broke out in large scale in Mideast and North Africa because of the fighting for the limited petroleum. The reusable green energy in our life like enormous wind power, solar power, etc is to become the essential energy. This article is to conduct a comparative exploration of mini wind turbine, with the purpose of finding a good way to effectively deal with the energy crisis.

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