Mg-based composites as effective materials for storage and generation of hydrogen for FC applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-80
Author(s):  
D. Korablev ◽  
◽  
A. Bezdorozhev ◽  
V. Yartys ◽  
J. Solonin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Hydrolysis Reaction ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Today, hydrogen is considered as an ideal choice for storing and carrying energy produced by renewable power sources since it is renewable, eco-friendly and has a high energy density. However, due to the low hydrogen storage capacity, high cost and safety issues of the conventional storage methods, several challenges need to be resolved to effectively use hydrogen in mobile applications. Solid-state hydrogen storage in atomic form in hydrides is a promising method of storage for this purpose, particularly because a double amount of hydrogen can be produced via hydrolysis reaction of chemically active hydrides. Among the metal hydrides, magnesium hydride (MgH2) is considered to be one of the most attractive candidates. However, the hydrolysis reaction is rapidly hindered by the passivation layer formed on the surface of MgH2. In order to improve MgH2 hydrolysis efficiency various approaches have been applied. This paper reviews recent progress on the modifications of MgH2-based materials by adding different type of additives, including metals, oxides, hydroxides, halides and surfactants. The introduced additives possess different catalytic properties due to their intrinsic physical and chemical characteristics, and therefore can strongly influence the hydrolysis reaction of MgH2. The most promising results were obtained for various salt additives showing that the reaction rate depends mostly on the additive type rather than on concentration. The effect of preparation technique on the hydrolysis of MgH2 – MgCl2 composites was studied in detail. The obtained results indicate that efficient hydrolysis performance can be achieved by ball milling of the freshly synthesized MgH2 with 5 wt.% MgCl2 and 1 wt.% TiC–2TiB2 additives. The combination of the applied approaches exhibited a notable synergistic effect on the hydrogen generation.

Fuel Cell-Based MEMS Power Source

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Moghaddam ◽  
Eakkachai Pengwang ◽  
Kevin Lin ◽  
Rich Masel ◽  
Mark Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Membrane Electrode Assembly ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Membrane Electrode ◽  
Mems Devices ◽  
Power Sources

The increasing demand for high energy density power sources driven by advancements in portable electronics and MEMS devices has generated significant interest in development of micro fuel cells. One of the major challenges in development of hydrogen micro fuel cells is the fabrication and integration of auxiliary systems for generation and delivery of fuel to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this paper, we report the development of a millimeter-scale (3×3×1 mm3) micro fuel cell with on-board fuel and control system. Hydrogen is generated in the device through reaction between water and a metal hydride. The device incorporates a new control mechanism for hydrogen generation that occupies only 50 nL volume (less than 0.5% of the total device volume). More importantly, the control mechanism is self-regulating and does not consume any power, enabling the micro fuel cell to operate passively, similar to a battery.

Defect engineering of molybdenum disulfide for energy storage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zefang Yang ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Chao-Nan Lv ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Hai-Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molybdenum Disulfide ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Defect Engineering ◽  
Metal Chalcogenide ◽  
Layered Transition Metal ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Molybdenum disulfide, a typically layered transition metal chalcogenide, is considered one of the promising electrode candidates for next-generation high energy density batteries owing to its tunable physical and chemical properties,...

Methanol Reforming Over PT Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taehee Lee ◽  
Joongmyeon Bae ◽  
Ju-Yong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Pt Catalysts ◽  
Methanol Reforming ◽  
Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Cerium Oxides ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Very High

An experimental investigation on hydrogen generation from methanol using Pt catalysts is presented in this paper. Methanol has the advantages of high energy density, high reforming activity and low CO selectivity at low temperatures. At present Cu-based catalysts are widely used for methanol reforming. But they are pyrophoric and thermally unstable, which causes issues in operating a real system. Pt catalysts dispersed on cerium oxides were tested for methanol reforming to resolve the problems. Steam reforming over Pt/cerium oxides showed the low conversion ratio less than 90% and the high CO concentration of about 15% at 400 °C. Autothermal reforming by adding O2 rapidly promoted the conversion of methanol and reduced the concentration of CO at lower temperature. Increasing the amount of dispersed Pt, the range of 0.5–3.0 wt%, shifted the reforming trends towards lower temperature and decreased the concentration of CO. To achieve more production rate within a given catalyst bed, catalysts coated monolithic honeycomb is prepared. It showed very high conversion at space velocities of up to 60,000/h.

Hydrogen Generation Facilitates Sintering Atmospheres

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Heat Conduction ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Hydrogen Supply ◽  
Processing Techniques

Abstract For annealing, brazing or sintering, furnace atmospheres help ensure that metals thermal processors obtain the results they need. Hydrogen-containing atmospheres are used to protect surfaces from oxidation, and to ensure satisfactory thermal processing results. Hydrogen-containing atmospheres make thermal processing more forgiving because the hydrogen improves heat conduction and actively cleans heated surfaces – reducing oxides and destroying surface impurities. For powder based fabrication such as P/M, MIM or binder-jet metal AM, the use of a hydrogen-containing thermal processing atmosphere ensures the highest possible density of the sintered parts without necessitating the use of post-processing techniques. Users of pure hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gas blend atmospheres often struggle with hydrogen supply options. Hydrogen storage may create compliance problems due to its flammability and high energy content. Hydrogen generation enables hydrogen use without hydrogen storage issues. Deployment of hydrogen generation can ease the addition of thermal processing atmospheres to new and existing processing facilities.

Ultra-fine surface solid-state electrolytes for long cycle life all-solid-state lithium–air batteries

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (43) ◽  
pp. 21248-21254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Jue Wang ◽  
Jingjing Liu ◽  
Hucheng Song ◽  
Yijie Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cycle Life ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Long Cycle Life ◽  
Fine Surface ◽  
Solid State Electrolytes ◽  
Lithium Air Batteries

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are potential candidates for developing high-energy-density and safe all-solid-state lithium (Li)-metal batteries due to the elimination of most of the safety issues encountered with liquid electrolytes.

scholarly journals Recent Progress of Metal–Air Batteries—A Mini Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 2787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlian Wang ◽  
Yongchao Yu ◽  
Jiajia Niu ◽  
Yaxuan Liu ◽  
Denzel Bridges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
High Level

With the ever-increasing demand for power sources of high energy density and stability for emergent electrical vehicles and portable electronic devices, rechargeable batteries (such as lithium-ion batteries, fuel batteries, and metal–air batteries) have attracted extensive interests. Among the emerging battery technologies, metal–air batteries (MABs) are under intense research and development focus due to their high theoretical energy density and high level of safety. Although significant progress has been achieved in improving battery performance in the past decade, there are still numerous technical challenges to overcome for commercialization. Herein, this mini-review summarizes major issues vital to MABs, including progress on packaging and crucial manufacturing technologies for cathode, anode, and electrolyte. Future trends and prospects of advanced MABs by additive manufacturing and nanoengineering are also discussed.

Evaluation of the Performance Characteristics of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell With Multifuels

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujith Mohan ◽  
S. O. Bade Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell ◽  
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Transport Losses ◽  
Direct Methanol ◽  
Methanol Fuel Cell

Direct methanol fuel cells are one of the alternate power sources for the field of power electronics because of their high energy density. The benefits of a fuel cell toward the environment can be greatly improved if the fuel used for its application comes from renewable sources. In this study, the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell was investigated under five different methanol concentrations. The effect of methanol concentration on the cell operating temperature is studied. Impedance spectroscopy was conducted to measure the ohmic, activation, and mass transport losses for all concentrations. The cell performance was evaluated using methane and ethanol fuels and this was compared with methanol operation.

Evaluation of the Performance Characteristics of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell With Multi Fuels

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujith Mohan ◽  
S. O. Bade Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell ◽  
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Transport Losses ◽  
Direct Methanol ◽  
Methanol Fuel Cell

Direct methanol fuel cells are one of the alternate power sources for the field of power electronics because of their high energy density. The benefits of a fuel cell towards the environment can be greatly improved if the fuel used for its application comes from renewable sources. In this study, the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell was investigated under five different methanol concentrations. The effect of methanol concentration on the cell operating temperature is studied. Impedance spectroscopy was conducted to measure the ohmic, activation and mass transport losses for all concentrations. The cell performance was evaluated using methane and ethanol fuels and this was compared with methanol operation.

Investigation of a Passive DMFC Mini-Stack at Room Temperature

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonino Salvatore Arico’ ◽  
Vincenzo Baglio ◽  
Alessandro Stassi ◽  
Vincenzo Antonucci
Keyword(s):  
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Electrode Thickness ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Catalytic Sites ◽  
Direct Methanol

Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) are promising candidates for portable electric power sources because of their high energy density, lightweight, compactness, simplicity as well as easy and fast recharging. Recently, the attention has been focused on portable applications with passive-feed DMFCs. Under this configuration, DMFCs operate without any external device for feeding methanol and blowing air into the cells. An investigation of properties and operating parameters of a passive DMFC monopolar mini-stack, such as catalyst loading and methanol concentration, was carried out. From this analysis, it was derived that a proper Pt loading is necessary to achieve the best compromise between electrode thickness and number of catalytic sites for the anode and cathode reactions to occurs at suitable rates. Methanol concentrations ranging from 1 M up to 10 M (40 vol%) and an air-breathing operation mode were investigated. A maximum power of 225 mW was obtained at ambient conditions for a three-cell stack, with an active single cell area of 4 cm2 corresponding to a power density of about 20 mW cm-2.

Bipolar Plates for PEMFCs

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. C. Sequeira ◽  
L. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Bipolar Plates ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Fuel Cell Stack

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have many advantages among the various types of fuel cells, such as high energy density, low temperature operation, near-zero pollution, and quick starting. Thereby, PEMFCs have been considered as the most promising alternative power sources in the transportation and stationary fields. Among the components of PEMFCs, the bipolar plates are the most representative regarding cost and volume, however, they have relevant functions on the fuel cell stack. There are about 500 bipolar plates in a PEMFC for a typical passenger car and, thus, the commercialization of the fuel cell technology becomes quite challenging. Important key aspects for a successful fuel cell stack are the design and the manufacturing process of the bipolar plate. For efficient mass production, the cycle time of the process is even more important than the material costs. It is, therefore, very important that the used material is appropriate for a fast manufacturing process. Recent developments are overcoming these issues, leading to improvements on the overall fuel cell performance and durability.

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