scholarly journals Some Aspects of State-Building Processes in Carpathian Ukraine on the Eve of the Second World War

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-225
Author(s):  
Mykola Vehesh ◽  
◽  
Stepan Vidnyanskyj
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
World War ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
Small Branch ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Autonomous Subcarpathian Rus’, and subsequently independent Carpathian Ukraine, existed for an extremely short period of time: from October 1938 to the second half of March, 1939. Despite this fact, there was such a rapid development of political events in the country that the attention of the whole world was drawn to Carpathian Ukraine. This also applies to the researchers who, at the end of the 1930s, began to study the history of Carpathian Ukraine. The declaration of independence on March 14, 1939 was explained by the desire of the Ukrainian population of the region for freedom. However, the disintegration of Czechoslovakia and the declaration of independence by Slovakia were also of great importance for this act. Despite some spontaneity and haste, this historical event in the life of not only Transcarpathian Ukrainians, but of the entire Ukrainian people was of great historical importance. After January 21, 1919, it was the second attempt to declare to the whole world that Ukrainian nation is alive and ready for state life. Although this act of declaration of independence, ratified on March 15, 1939 at the Soim of Carpathian Ukraine, was more symbolic than real politics, it played a large role in forming the self-consciousness of the entire Ukrainian nation. It was during the period of Carpathian Ukraine that a kind of transition from consciousness of Transcarpathian Ruthenians to Transcarpathian Ukrainians ended. In the late 1930s, Carpathian Ukraine was the only state where a small branch of the Ukrainian people proclaimed their independence and declared their desire to live a state life. The Ukrainians who were part of the USSR, as well as the Ukrainians under the control of Poland and Romania didn’t have such opportunity. However, they treated Carpathian Ukraine as an area where an attempt was made to restore Ukrainian statehood. On this basis, it is necessary to consider the formation of the Carpatho-Ukrainian state as the second stage – after the liberation contest of 1918–20’s – in the struggle for the creation of Ukrainian state formation on a separate Ukrainian territory

scholarly journals Psychotherapy in Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Marks
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Psychotherapy was an invention of European modernity, but as the 20th century unfolded, and we trace how it crossed national and continental borders, its goals and the particular techniques by which it operated become harder to pin down. This introduction briefly draws together the historical literature on psychotherapy in Europe, asking comparative questions about the role of location and culture, and networks of transmission and transformation. It introduces the six articles in this special issue on Greece, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Russia, Britain and Sweden as well as its parallel special issue of History of Psychology on ‘Psychotherapy in the Americas’. It traces what these articles tell us about how therapeutic developments were entangled with the dramatic, and often traumatic, political events across the continent: in the wake of the Second World War, the emergence of Communist and authoritarian regimes, the establishment of welfare states and the advance of neoliberalism.

The collection of a toy: Production history and collection value of the Matchbox regarding the consumer behaviours

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Ceyda Özgen
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
Casting Technology ◽  
Production History ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metal Castings ◽  
Second World

Metal casting technology reached at a very advanced point after the Second World War. When the war was over, many companies producing metal castings suffered a huge market loss and tried to create new markets and develop new products. Some companies, inspired by the rapid development of automobile production, started to produce toy model cars with the casting technique, which were generally made with sheet metal bending until then, using the moulding techniques they had advanced. In this study, the history of Lesney company, established after the Second World War, and the development of Matchbox’s product range will be discussed in the context of collecting and a collection object. Matchbox collections are the most common model car collections in the world. The status of the designed objects as collectible objects was investigated together with the history and development process of Matchbox cars production and collecting behaviour of consumer.

Notstand und Sachverstand

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-442
Author(s):  
Stefanie Middendorf
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The First World War ◽  
State Finance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Abstract In the aftermath of the First World War, the Weimar Republic found itself in financial disarray. Originally put forward by the antirepublican right, the idea of a forced loan emerged. The idea triggered harsh controversies regarding the shortfalls in the new state’s sovereignty and its lack of fiscal power within the framework of an international order. The conflicting images of the Weimar state effected the decisions finally taken. This article argues that a rhetoric of emergency was combined with notions of the expert as an apolitical figure in order to legitimize compulsory lending. Yet, contrary to contemporary perceptions, the Weimar forced loan was not a result of governmental impotence or an exceptional incident within the history of public finance. As a political tool, it helped to solve conflicts on the national as well as the international level, if only for a short period of time. As an instrument of state finance, it was not an act of failure to still fiscal needs the ‚normal way‘ but a conscious claim for the autonomy of the Weimar state. But the conviction that compulsory loans might be a legitimate element of fiscal politics under the auspices of a strong and well-informed state emerged only with the Second World War – in Germany as well as on an international level.

scholarly journals “PLACES OF MEMORY” TRANSFORMATION IN POST-SOVIET KYIV’S CULTURAL PLACES A CASE OF JANUARY UPRISING STREET

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-70
Author(s):  
Yana Prymachenko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet History ◽  
Places Of Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

The article deals with the transformation of “places of memory” in post-Soviet Kyiv’s cultural space based on the case of January Uprising Street. The main attention focuses on three events crucial for Ukrainian history in the twentieth century: the 1917–1921 Ukrainian Revolution, Holodomor and the Second World War. The author highlights the change in the ideological connotation and cultural representations of Soviet “places of memory” during almost thirty years of Ukrainian independence. The former January Uprising Street, which today consists of two streets – Ivan Mazepa and Lavrska – would for a long period of time signify the key events of Soviet history: October Revolution Civil war and World War II. The Park of Eternal Glory and Memorial complex “Ukrainian State Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945” (now known as the National Museum of the history of Ukraine in the Second World War) built into the historical space pf the ancient Kyiv had to propagate the main Soviet historical event. After Ukraine gained independence the space along the former January Upraising Street has transformed greatly. The public space has been affected by the rediscovery of forgotten and erased events.

Turning Aliens into Socialists

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Jessica Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swedish History ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Highly Evolved

Immediately after the Second World War Sweden was struck by a wave of sightings of strange flying objects. In some cases these mass sightings resulted in panic, particularly after authorities failed to identify them. Decades later, these phenomena were interpreted by two members of the Swedish UFO movement, Erland Sandqvist and Gösta Rehn, as alien spaceships, or UFOs. Rehn argued that ‘[t]here is nothing so dramatic in the Swedish history of UFOs as this invasion of alien fly-things’ (Rehn 1969: 50). In this article the interpretation of such sightings proposed by these authors, namely that we are visited by extraterrestrials from outer space, is approached from the perspective of myth theory. According to this mythical theme, not only are we are not alone in the universe, but also the history of humankind has been shaped by encounters with more highly-evolved alien beings. In their modern day form, these kinds of ideas about aliens and UFOs originated in the United States. The reasoning of Sandqvist and Rehn exemplifies the localization process that took place as members of the Swedish UFO movement began to produce their own narratives about aliens and UFOs. The question I will address is: in what ways do these stories change in new contexts? Texts produced by the Swedish UFO movement are analyzed as a case study of this process.

ABCs of the Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-291
Author(s):  
Egor A. Yesyunin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Development History ◽  
The People ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the satirical agitation ABCs that appeared during the Civil War, which have never previously been identified by researchers as a separate type of agitation art. The ABCs, which used to have the narrow purpose of teaching children to read and write before, became a form of agitation art in the hands of artists and writers. This was facilitated by the fact that ABCs, in contrast to primers, are less loaded with educational material and, accordingly, they have more space for illustrations. The article presents the development history of the agitation ABCs, focusing in detail on four of them: V.V. Mayakovsky’s “Soviet ABC”, D.S. Moor’s “Red Army Soldier’s ABC”, A.I. Strakhov’s “ABC of the Revolution”, and M.M. Cheremnykh’s “Anti-Religious ABC”. There is also briefly considered “Our ABC”: the “TASS Posters” created by various artists during the Second World War. The article highlights the special significance of V.V. Mayakovsky’s first agitation ABC, which later became a reference point for many artists. The authors of the first satirical ABCs of the Civil War period consciously used the traditional form of popular prints, as well as ditties and sayings, in order to create images close to the people. The article focuses on the iconographic connections between the ABCs and posters in the works of D.S. Moor and M.M. Cheremnykh, who transferred their solutions from the posters to the ABCs.

B'nai B'rith on the European continent after World War Two

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Hans Levy
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Jewish Organization ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

The focus of this paper is on the oldest international Jewish organization founded in 1843, B’nai B’rith. The paper presents a chronicle of B’nai B’rith in Continental Europe after the Second World War and the history of the organization in Scandinavia. In the 1970's the Order of B'nai B'rith became B'nai B'rith international. B'nai B'rith worked for Jewish unity and was supportive of the state of Israel.

The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom, 1905-19

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hardiman
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Moral Stance

Much of the recent surge in writing about the practice of nonviolent forms of resistance has focused on movements that occurred after the end of the Second World War, many of which have been extremely successful. Although the fact that such a method of civil resistance was developed in its modern form by Indians is acknowledged in this writing, there has not until now been an authoritative history of the role of Indians in the evolution of the phenomenon.The book argues that while nonviolence is associated above all with the towering figure of Mahatma Gandhi, 'passive resistance' was already being practiced as a form of civil protest by nationalists in British-ruled India, though there was no principled commitment to nonviolence as such. The emphasis was on efficacy, rather than the ethics of such protest. It was Gandhi, first in South Africa and then in India, who evolved a technique that he called 'satyagraha'. He envisaged this as primarily a moral stance, though it had a highly practical impact. From 1915 onwards, he sought to root his practice in terms of the concept of ahimsa, a Sanskrit term that he translated as ‘nonviolence’. His endeavors saw 'nonviolence' forged as both a new word in the English language, and as a new political concept. This book conveys in vivid detail exactly what such nonviolence entailed, and the formidable difficulties that the pioneers of such resistance encountered in the years 1905-19.

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