STUDIES OF DISTAL COLONIC MOTILITY IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 820-833
Author(s):  
Murray Davidson ◽  
Marvin H. Sleisenger ◽  
Thomas P. Almy ◽  
Samuel Z. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Bowel Movement ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Spontaneous Bowel Movement ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Iced Water ◽  
Wave Forms

A characteristic propulsive wave, previously reported in adults with ulcerative colitis, has been found in infants with acute diarrhea but not in children with ulcerative colitis. The reasons for this are discussed. The induction of propulsive wave forms in normal individuals by administration of magnesium sulfate orally is described and attention is called to its application to therapeutic studies. The relation of this wave form to propulsion of fecal contents and defecation and its role in the production of abdominal discomfort are considered. Observed variations in the responses of individual children to subcutaneous injection of Mecholyl®, to oral administration of iced water, and to rectal distention may explain innate differences in susceptibility to the development of colonic symptoms in different children. A classification of wave forms from the distal colon based on current concepts of their probable physiologic significance is offered. A tracing from the distal colon in a child having a spontaneous bowel movement is presented and commented on.

STUDIES OF DISTAL COLONIC MOTILITY IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-819
Author(s):  
Murray Davidson ◽  
Marvin H. Sleisenger ◽  
Thomas P. Almy ◽  
Samuel Z. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Potential Usefulness ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Lower Rectum ◽  
Wave Forms

A suitable technic for measuring gastrointestinal pressures and motility in children is described and critically evaluated. Data from 40 normal children are presented. These data show characteristic and different patterns in closely related segments of the distal colon, with a tendency to broader wave forms in the lower rectum. The possible physiologic implications are reviewed. Comparison of the data is made with data available from adults and, although the findings agree, differences in classification and interpretation are made. The potential usefulness of the technic for pharmacologic studies is discussed.

Luminally released serotonin stimulates colonic motility and accelerates colonic transit in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. R64-R69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Tsukamoto ◽  
Hajime Ariga ◽  
Chris Mantyh ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
Hidenori Yanagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Colonic Transit ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Ex Vivo Model ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Ec Cells

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the epithelial cells release 5-HT into the lumen, as well as basolateral border. However, the physiological role of released 5-HT into the lumen is poorly understood. Concentrations of 5-HT in the colonic mucosa, colonic lumen, and feces were measured by HPLC in rats. To investigate whether intraluminal 5-HT accelerates colonic transit, 5-HT and 51Cr were administered into the lumen of the proximal colon, and colonic transit was measured. To investigate whether 5-HT is released into the lumen, we used an ex vivo model of isolated vascularly and luminally perfused rat proximal colon. To investigate whether luminal 5-HT is involved in regulating stress-induced colonic motility, the distal colonic motility was recorded under the stress loading, and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron, 10−6 M, 0.5 ml) was administered intraluminally of the distal colon. Tissue content of 5-HT in the proximal colon (15.2 ± 4.3 ng/mg wet tissue) was significantly higher than that in the distal colon (3.3 ± 0.7 ng/mg wet tissue), while fecal content and luminal concentration of 5-HT was almost the same between the proximal and distal colon. Luminal administration of 5-HT (10−6–10−5 M) significantly accelerated colonic transit. Elevation of intraluminal pressure by 10 cmH2O significantly increased the luminal concentration of 5-HT but not the vascular concentration of 5-HT. Stress-induced stimulation of the distal colonic motility was significantly attenuated by the luminal administration of ondansetron. These results suggest that luminally released 5-HT from EC cells plays an important role in regulating colonic motility in rats.

Elastic displacements in the near-field of a propagating fault

1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 865-908
Author(s):  
N. A. Haskell
Keyword(s):  
Fault Plane ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Dislocation Motion ◽  
Displacement Discontinuity ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Strong Motion Station ◽  
Ramp Function ◽  
Wave Forms ◽  
Parkfield Earthquake

abstract Displacement, particle velocity, and acceleration wave forms in the near field of a propagating fault have been computed by numerical integration of the Green's function integrals for an infinite medium. The displacement discontinuity (dislocation) on the fault plane is assumed to have the form of a unilaterally propagating finite ramp function in time. The calculated wave forms in the vicinity of the fault plane are quite similar to those observed at the strong motion station nearest the fault plane at the Parkfield earthquake. The comparison suggests that the propagating ramp time function is roughly representative of the main features of the dislocation motion on the fault plane, but that the actual motion has somewhat more high frequency complexity. Calculated amplitudes indicate that the average final dislocation on the fault at the Parkfield earthquake was more than an order of magnitude greater than the offsets observed on the visible surface trace. Computer generated wave form plots are presented for a variety of locations with respect to the fault plane and for two different assumptions on the relation between fault length and ramp function duration.

Some numerical solutions for Lamb's problem

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-491
Author(s):  
Harold M. Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Rayleigh Wave ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Lamb’S Problem ◽  
Wave Forms

abstract We consider a version of Lamb's Problem in which a vertical time-dependent point force acts on the surface of a uniform half-space. The resulting surface disturbance is computed as vertical and horizontal components of displacement, particle velocity, acceleration, and strain. The goal is to provide numerical solutions appropriate to a comparison with observed wave forms produced by impacts onto granite and onto soil. Solutions for step- and delta-function sources are not physically realistic but represent limiting cases. They show a clear P arrival (larger on horizontal than vertical components) and an obscure S arrival. The Rayleigh pulse includes a singularity at the theoretical arrival time. All of the energy buildup appears on the vertical components and all of the energy decay, on the horizontal components. The effects of Poisson's ratio upon vertical displacements for a step-function source are shown. For fixed shear velocity, an increase of Poisson's ratio produces a P pulse which is larger, faster, and more gradually emergent, an S pulse with more clear-cut beginning, and a much narrower Rayleigh pulse. For a source-time function given by cos2(πt/T), −T/2 ≦ T/2, a × 10 reduction in pulse width at fixed pulse height yields an increase in P and Rayleigh-wave amplitudes by factors of 1, 10, and 100 for displacement, velocity and strain, and acceleration, respectively. The observed wave forms appear somewhat oscillatory, with widths proportional to the source pulse width. The Rayleigh pulse appears as emergent positive on vertical components and as sharp negative on horizontal components. We show a theoretical seismic profile for granite, with source pulse width of 10 µsec and detectors at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. Pulse amplitude decays as r−1 for P wave and r−12 for Rayleigh wave. Pulse width broadens slightly with distance but the wave form character remains essentially unchanged.

Neurohumoral control of colonic motility in the rabbit

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (4) ◽  
pp. G582-G588 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Snape ◽  
S. Shiff
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Cholinergic Stimulation ◽  
Bipolar Electrodes ◽  
Neurohumoral Control ◽  
Alpha Adrenergic Agonist

Colonic motility was examined in the proximal (taeniated) and distal (nontaeniated) colon of New Zealand White rabbits. Colonic myoelectric and contractile activities were recorded by bipolar electrodes and extraluminal strain gauges sewn on the antimesenteric serosal surface of the proximal and distal colon. Slow-wave frequency consistently was slower in the proximal colon (13.2 +/- 0.9) compared with the distal colon (15.8 +/- 1.2) (P less than 0.05). During the control period 81.8 +/- 5.2% of slow waves have superimposed spike potentials in the proximal colon. The distal colon had similar amounts of spike activity. The distal colon had increased base-line contractility (P less than 0.02). Atropine inhibited spike and contractile activity on both sides of the colon, but the distal colon still had more contractile activity than the proximal colon (P less than 0.02). The alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine and antagonist phentolamine had no effect on colonic motility. Isoproterenol inhibited colonic smooth muscle spike and contractile activity. This effect was blocked by propranolol. Administration of trimethaphan camsylate caused an increase in spike and contractile activity only in the distal colon. The effect of trimethaphan on the distal colon was inhibited by atropine. These studies show that 1) tonic cholinergic stimulation exists both in the proximal and in the distal colon, 2) circulating catecholamines have minimal effect on base-line colonic motility, and 3) tonic nonadrenergic inhibition of the distal colon modulates the tonic cholinergic stimulation.

5-Hydroxytryptophan activates colonic myenteric neurons and propulsive motor function through 5-HT4 receptors in conscious mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. G419-G428 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wang ◽  
V. Martínez ◽  
H. Kimura ◽  
Y. Taché
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Myenteric Neurons ◽  
Diaphorase Activity ◽  
Colonic Motor ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Fos Expression

Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] acts as a modulator of colonic motility and secretion. We characterized the action of the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on colonic myenteric neurons and propulsive motor activity in conscious mice. Fos immunoreactivity (IR), used as a marker of neuronal activation, was monitored in longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus whole mount preparations of the distal colon 90 min after an intraperitoneal injection of 5-HTP. Double staining of Fos IR with peripheral choline acetyltransferase (pChAT) IR or NADPH-diaphorase activity was performed. The injection of 5-HTP (0.5, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg ip) increased fecal pellet output and fluid content in a dose-related manner, with a peak response observed within the first 15 min postinjection. 5-HTP (0.5–10 mg/kg) dose dependently increased Fos expression in myenteric neurons, with a maximal response of 9.9 ± 1.0 cells/ganglion [ P < 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated mice (2.3 ± 0.6 cells/ganglion)]. There was a positive correlation between Fos expression and fecal output. Of Fos-positive ganglionic cells, 40 ± 4% were also pChAT positive and 21 ± 5% were NADPH-diaphorase positive in response to 5-HTP, respectively. 5-HTP-induced defecation and Fos expression were completely prevented by pretreatment with the selective 5-HT4 antagonist RS-39604. These results show that 5-HTP injected peripherally increases Fos expression in different populations of cholinergic and nitrergic myenteric neurons in the distal colon and stimulates propulsive colonic motor function through 5-HT4 receptors in conscious mice. These findings suggest an important role of activation of colonic myenteric neurons in the 5-HT4 receptor-mediated colonic propulsive motor response.

scholarly journals Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Phase in Neocortical Gamma EEGs in Rabbit

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 1266-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Freeman ◽  
John M. Barrie
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Coherence ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Conditioned Stimuli ◽  
Phase Gradient ◽  
Gamma Range ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Half Power

Arrays of 64 electrodes (8 × 8, 7 × 7 mm) were implanted epidurally on the surface of the visual, auditory or somatosensory cortex of rabbits trained to discriminate conditioned stimuli in the corresponding modality. The 64 electroencephalographic (EEG) traces at all times displayed a high degree of spatial coherence in wave form, averaging >90% of the variance in the largest principal components analysis component. The EEGs were decomposed with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to give the spatial distributions of amplitude and phase modulation (AM and PM) in segments 128 ms in duration. Spatial (2-dimensional) and temporal (1-dimensional) filters were designed to optimize classification of the spatial AM patterns in the gamma range (20–80 Hz) with respect to discriminative conditioned stimuli. No evidence was found for stimulus-dependent classification of the spatial PM patterns. Instead some spatial PM distributions conformed to the pattern of a cone. The location and sign (maximal lead or lag) of the conic apex varied randomly with each recurrence. The slope of the phase gradient varied in a range corresponding to that of the conduction velocities reported of axons to extend parallel to the cortical surfaces. The durations and times of recurrence of the phase cones corresponded to those of the optimally classified spatial AM patterns. The interpretation is advanced that the phase cones are manifestations of state transitions in the mesoscopic dynamics of sensory cortices by which the intermittent AM patterns are formed. The phase cones show that the gamma EEG spatial coherence is not due to volume conduction from a single deep-lying dipole generator nor to activity at the site of the reference lead on monopolar recording. The random variation of the apical sign shows that gamma AM patterns are self-organized and are not imposed by thalamic pacemakers. The half-power radius of the phase gradient provides a useful measure of the soft boundary condition for the formation and read-out of cooperative cortical domains responsible for binding sensory information into the context of prior experience in the process of perception.

scholarly journals The ulcerative colitis associated gene FUT8 regulates the quantity and quality of secreted mucins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Cantero ◽  
Carla Burballa ◽  
Yuki Ohkawa ◽  
Tomohiko Fukuda ◽  
Yoichiro Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Mucus Layer ◽  
Intracellular Accumulation ◽  
Normal Individuals

Fucosylation of mucins, the main macrocomponents of the mucus layer that protects the digestive tract from pathogens, increases their viscoelasticity and shear stress resistance. These properties are altered in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), which is marked by a chronic inflammation of the distal part of the colon. Here we show that the levels of Fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) and specific mucins are increased in the distal inflamed colon of UC patients compared to normal individuals. Overexpressing FUT8, as observed in UC, in mucin-producing HT29-18N2 colonic cell line increases trafficking of MUC1 to plasma membrane and secretion of MUC2/MUC5AC. FUT8 depletion (FUT8 KD), instead, causes intracellular accumulation of MUC1 and alters the ratio of secreted MUC2 to MUC5AC. Mucins secreted by FUT8 overexpressing cells are more resistant to shear stress compared to mucins secreted by FUT8 KD cells. These data fit well with the Fut8-/- mice phenotype, which are protected against UC. Fut8-/- mice exhibit a thinner proximal colon mucus layer with an altered ratio of neutral to acidic mucins compared to Fut8+/+ mice. Together, these data reveal that FUT8 optimizes the viscoelastic properties of the extracellular mucous by controlling the quantities of mucins secreted.

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Bowel Wall Thickness and Intramural Blood Flow in Ulcerative Colitis

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Mohamed Sayed ◽  
Kamal El-Deen Abdelrahman El-Atrebi ◽  
Tari Magdy Aziz George ◽  
Hazem Mohamed Abd Elazim Marey
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Bowel Wall ◽  
Bowel Movement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Bowel Wall Thickness ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Relapse Group

Abstract Background Ulcerative colitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease that merely affects the mucosa and submucosa of colon in the form of inflammatory ulcers. Colonoscopy is the gold standard for its diagnosis. For optimal monitoring of disease activity in UC patients, colonoscopy should be performed on a regular basis. However, repeated colonoscopies represent a logistic and economic challenge, as well as significant burden for the patients. Objectives Our study aimed to provide an extensive overview of the main pathologic features of gut wall vessels and bowel wall thickness at US examination of UC. Patients and Methods This prospective case control study was done on 40 patients confirmed to have UC attending to Outpatient Clinics of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department – Ain-Shams University from October 2018 to Augost 2019. They were divided into two groups: Relapse group: Include 20 patients with active UC disease. Remission group: Include 20 patients with inactive UC disease (in remission state). These two groups were matched with 20 healthy individuals, matched for age and gender and considered to be a control group. Disease activity was categorized according to the endoscopic Mayo score.Ultrasound and endoscopic findings were compared for each colon segment except for the rectum. Results The peak incidence of affected patients was 30–40 years of age. Female predominance compared to male with a ratio of 2.6:1. 20% of remission patients complaining from 1-2 bowel movement while 45% and 50% of relapsing patients suffer from 3-4 and 5 bowel movement respectively. 100%, 100%, 20% and 15% of relapsing patients suffer from bleeding per rectum, abdominal pain, tenesmus and urgency. Higher ESR and CRP and lower hemoglobin in relapsing compared to remission group. Furthermore, The last group has higher value of ESR and CRP and lower value of hemoglobin compared to control group. BWT was significantly thicker in relapse group (4.8±0.7 mm) than of remission (3.55±0.5 mm) compared to control group (1.6±0.5) (p value &lt;0.001). BWT at a cut-offs &gt; 4 mm discriminating between cases with relapse from those with remission and at a cut-offs &gt;4 mm discriminating between mild endoscopic severity from moderate and severe UC. Furthermore, BWT at a cut-offs &gt;4.6 mm discriminating between mild and moderate endoscopic severity from severe UC. Vascular signal number at a cut-offs &gt;1 discriminating between cases with relapse from those with remission and at a cut-offs &gt;2 discriminating between mild and moderate endoscopic severity of UC. Conclusion Abdominal ultrasound is a widely available non-invasive method for imaging of UC. It provides a high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosis and monitoring of UC activity.

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