PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-728
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
One Year

THE infant mortality rate in 1947 was the lowest on record, according to figures released by the National Office of Vital Statistics of the Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency. The number of deaths under one year recorded in the United States during 1947 was 119,173, or 8,110 more than the number (111,063) reported in 1946. However, this increase reflects the tremendous increase in the number of births during 1947 and not a rise in infant mortality. The relative frequency of infant deaths as [SEE TABLE 1,2 and 3 IN SOURCE PDF] measured by the infant mortality rate decreased from 33.8 per 1,000 live births in 1946 to 32.2 in 1947. Provisional figures indicate a further decline in 1948 to an estimated rate of 31.8. The five leading causes of infant deaths in 1947 and the infant mortality rates for each are: premature birth, 11.1 ; congenital malformations, 4.6; pneumonia and influenza, 3.6; injury at birth, 3,5; and asphyxia and atelectasis, 1.6. These leading causes accounted for 75.7% of all the infant deaths in 1947. This was the first year that asphyxia and atelectasis ranked among the five leading causes of infant deaths and that diarrhea, enteritis and ulceration of the intestines has not been in this group. The number of deaths [See Table 4 in source pdf] under one you and infant mortality rates for selected causes in the United States during 1946 and 1947 are presented in Table 2. The relative frequency of deaths under one year is greatest for the under one day age group and decreases steadily with age. Mortality is higher among nonwhite than white infants deaths and among male than female infants. The number of infants deaths and infant mortality rates in the United States for 1947 by subdivisions of the first year of life, race, and sex, are shown in Table 1.

Regional Contribution of Previable Infant Deaths to Infant Mortality Rates in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MacKenzie Lee ◽  
Eric S. Hall ◽  
Meredith Taylor ◽  
Emily A. DeFranco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Healthy People 2020

Objective Lack of standardization of infant mortality rate (IMR) calculation between regions in the United States makes comparisons potentially biased. This study aimed to quantify differences in the contribution of early previable live births (<20 weeks) to U.S. regional IMR. Study Design Population-based cohort study of all U.S. live births and infant deaths recorded between 2007 and 2014 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) WONDER database linked birth/infant death records (births from 17–47 weeks). Proportion of infant deaths attributable to births <20 vs. 20 to 47 weeks, and difference (ΔIMR) between reported and modified (births ≥20 weeks) IMRs were compared across four U.S. census regions (North, South, Midwest, and West). Results Percentages of infant deaths attributable to birth <20 weeks were 6.3, 6.3, 5.3, and 4.1% of total deaths for Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, respectively, p < 0.001. Contribution of < 20-week deaths to each region's IMR was 0.34, 0.42, 0.37, and 0.2 per 1,000 live births. Modified IMR yielded less regional variation with IMRs of 5.1, 6.2, 6.6, and 4.9 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion Live births at <20 weeks contribute significantly to IMR as all result in infant death. Standardization of gestational age cut-off results in more consistent IMRs among U.S. regions and would result in U.S. IMR rates exceeding the healthy people 2020 goal of 6.0 per 1,000 live births.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-516
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
National Office ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
One Year

ON THE basis of provisional data it appears that infant mortality in the United States has continued to improve in 1951, despite the fact that the birth rate has gone up again. The National Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service, has published in the Monthly Vital Statistics Bulletin for February 1952 an analysis of the telegraphic reports received from the various states for the year 1951. While the data are subject to correction [See Figure 1. in Source PDF.] and final figures will almost surely result in slight revisions, previous experience indicates that the general trend is quite accurate. Figure 1 presents the month by month comparison, throughout the year, for birth rate, death rate, and infant mortality rate. Marriage license rate is shown through November 1951. It will be noted that in every month of the year the birth rate was higher than in the corresponding month of 1950. The annual rate was 24.5 per 1000 population, 4.3% higher than in 1950 but 5% lower than the peak birth rate reached in 1947. Taking into account an estimate for births which were not reported it is thought that 3,833,000 births took place in 1951. This is the greatest number of births in one year in the history of our country.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-168
Author(s):  
MYRON E. WEGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
American Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Nurse ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
White House

THE five White House Conferences represent in no small degree the stages in the development of pediatrics in the United States. The first Conference was called by President Roosevelt in 1909 to meet the needs of the orphaned, abandoned, and neglected children. It was the year in which the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality was organized. It was at a time when there was not a single fully developed pediatric clinic in the U.S.A. As a result of this Conference the Children's Bureau was established in 1912, and it has continued to give at the Federal level leadership in the prevention of disease, improvement in the care of children and standardization of child labor practices. The American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality was organized to solve a problem by what today is called the multidisciplinary approach. It focused the attention of the pediatrician, the public health nurse, social worker, statistician, public health officer, and interested lay groups on the problem of high infant mortality, with a resulting remarkable success. A reduction of the infant mortality rate from 150 to 40 has been accomplished in the last 40 years. We must not forget that in 1909 we did not know how many babies were born in the United States. Complete birth registration was not accomplished until 1933.

INFANT MORTALITY RATES FOR THE TOWN OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1782 AND 1783

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-800
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
True Index ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Town

The infant mortality rate for a single New England town for the years 1782 and 1783 cannot be used as a true index of this statistic for the 13 states which made up the United States during the 1780's. As we lack data concerning infant mortality for the country as a whole during this period, information about the mortality of infants in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, where all births were recorded, should be of interest to pediatricians. Doctor Edward A. Holyoke of Salem in a letter to Mr. Caleb Garnett, the Recording Secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, gave these figures for the town of Salem: In 1782 there were 311 live-born infants and of these 36 died before they reached their first birthday, for an infant mortality rate of 115. In 1783 of 374 live-born infants, 38 died during their first year of life, for an infant mortality of 102. When one recalls that the rate for 1915 in the United States was 100, the infants, at least in Salem, did not fare too badly.

Infant Mortality

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
One Year

A child younger than one year of age (i.e., birth to twelve months) is termed an infant. Nearly 5.2 million children less than five died in 2019, with close to 75 percent dying in the first year. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per one thousand live births and remains a key indicator to track child health and survival. Globally, infant deaths have markedly decreased during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period and beyond. The IMR is closely linked to the neonatal period as the greatest risk of mortality in the first year is during the first twenty-eight days of life. Out of the 3.9 million infants who died in 2019, nearly 2.4 million (61.5 percent) died in the first month. Globally, the leading causes of neonatal mortality are complications from preterm birth, intrapartum-related neonatal events, and neonatal infections. Preterm birth complications, the leading cause of under-five and infant deaths, account for nearly 35 percent of all neonatal deaths. Addressing causes of neonatal mortality is critical in reducing global infant mortality and achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2. With the COVID-19 pandemic and its predicted long-term effects on maternal and child health, health systems, and food security this challenge is all the greater.

scholarly journals Evolution and current state of global research on paediatric resuscitation: a systematic scientometric analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean S. Scholz ◽  
Rainer Borgstedt ◽  
Leoni C. Menzel ◽  
Sebastian Rehberg ◽  
Gerrit Jansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Infant Mortality

Abstract Background Paediatric resuscitation is rare but potentially associated with maximal lifetime reduction. Notably, several nations experience high infant mortality rates even today. To improve clinical outcomes and promote research, detailed analyses on evolution and current state of research on paediatric resuscitation are necessary. Methods Research on paediatric resuscitation published in-between 1900 and 2019 were searched using Web of Science. Metadata were extracted and analyzed based on the science performance evaluation (SciPE) protocol. Research performance was evaluated regarding quality and quantity over time, including comparisons to adult resuscitation. National research performance was related to population, financial capacities, infant mortality rate, collaborations, and authors’ gender. Results Similar to adult resuscitation, research performance on paediatric resuscitation grew exponentially with most original articles being published during the last decade (1106/1896). The absolute number, however, is only 14% compared to adults. The United States dominate global research by contributing the highest number of articles (777), Hirsch-Index (70), and citations (18,863). The most productive collaboration was between the United States and Canada (52). When considering nation’s population and gross domestic product (GDP) rate, Norway is leading regarding population per article (62,467), per Hirsch-Index (223,841), per citation (2226), and per GDP (2.3E-04). Regarding publications per infant mortality rate, efforts of India and Brazil are remarkable. Out of the 100 most frequently publishing researchers, 25% were female. Conclusion Research efforts on paediatric resuscitation have increased but remain underrepresented. Specifically, nations with high infant mortality rates should be integrated by collaborations. Additional efforts are required to overcome gender disparities.

A Dreadful Childhood: The Excess Mortality of American Slaves

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
The Past ◽  
One Year ◽  
Height Data

Mortality rates in early childhood are widely regarded as a sensitive index of the health and living standards of a population (United Nations, 1973: 138-139; Williamson, 1981; Haines, 1985). The debate over the health and treatment of American slaves has led scholars to investigate various data and methods to construct these measures. Early work based on plantation records placed the infant mortality rate (the proportion of live births that die within one year of birth) at 152.6 per thousand (Postell, 1951: 158). Using census data and indirect techniques, estimates of the infant mortality rate climbed from 182.7 per thousand by Evans (1962: 212) to 274 to 302 per thousand by Farley (1970: 33) and 246 to 275 per thousand by Eblen (1972; 1974). Recent work based on height data and indirect techniques places the infant mortality rate in the neighborhood of 350 per thousand and total losses before the end of the first year (stillbirths plus infant deaths) at nearly 50% (Steckel, 1986a). Thus, measurements over the past four decades have gravitated toward the judgment of southern planter Thomas Afflick (1851: 435) who wrote, “Of those born, one half die under one year.”

scholarly journals Evolution and Current State of Global Research on Paediatric Resuscitation: A Systematic Scientometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean S. Scholz ◽  
Rainer Borgstedt ◽  
Leoni C. Menzel ◽  
Sebastian Rehberg ◽  
Gerrit Jansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Infant Mortality

Abstract Background:Paediatric resuscitation is rare but potentially associated with maximallifetime reduction. Notably, there are still today high infant mortality rates in several nations. To improve clinical outcomes and promote research detailed analyses on evolution and current state of research on paediatric resuscitation are necessary.Methods:Research on paediatric resuscitation published in-between 1900-2019 weresearched using Web of Science. Metadata were extracted and resolved based on the science performance evaluation (SciPE) protocol. Research performance was evaluated regarding quality and quantity over time, including comparisons to adult resuscitation. National research performance was related to population, financial capacities, infant mortality rate, collaborations, and authors gender.Results:Similar to adult resuscitation research performance on paediatric resuscitationgrew exponentially with most original articles being published during the last decade (1,106/1,896). The absolute number, however, is only 14% compared to adults. The United States dominate global research by contributing the highest number of articles (777), Hirsch-Index (70), and citations (18,863). The most productive collaboration was between the United States and Canada (52). When considering nation’s population and gross domestic product (GDP) rate, Norway is leading regarding population per article (62,467), per Hirsch-Index (223,841), per citation (2,226), and per GDP (2.3E- 04). Regarding publications per infant mortality rate, efforts of India and Brazil are remarkable. Out of the 100 most frequently publishing researchers, 25% were female.Conclusion: Research efforts on paediatric resuscitation have increased but remainunderrepresented. Specifically, nations with high infant mortality rates should be integrated by collaborations. Additional efforts are required to overcome gender disparities.

scholarly journals Evolution and current state of global research on paediatric resuscitation: A systematic scientometric analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean S. Scholz ◽  
Rainer Borgstedt ◽  
Leoni C. Menzel ◽  
Sebastian Rehberg ◽  
Gerrit Jansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Infant Mortality

Abstract Background: Paediatric resuscitation is rare but potentially associated with maximal lifetime reduction. Notably, several nations experience high infant mortality rates even today. To improve clinical outcomes and promote research, detailed analyses on evolution and current state of research on paediatric resuscitation are necessary. Methods: Research on paediatric resuscitation published in-between 1900-2019 were searched using Web of Science. Metadata were extracted and analyzed based on the science performance evaluation (SciPE) protocol. Research performance was evaluated regarding quality and quantity over time, including comparisons to adult resuscitation. National research performance was related to population, financial capacities, infant mortality rate, collaborations, and authors´ gender. Results: Similar to adult resuscitation, research performance on paediatric resuscitation grew exponentially with most original articles being published during the last decade (1,106/1,896). The absolute number, however, is only 14% compared to adults. The United States dominate global research by contributing the highest number of articles (777), Hirsch-Index (70), and citations (18,863). The most productive collaboration was between the United States and Canada (52). When considering nation’s population and gross domestic product (GDP) rate, Norway is leading regarding population per article (62,467), per Hirsch-Index (223,841), per citation (2,226), and per GDP (2.3E-04). Regarding publications per infant mortality rate, efforts of India and Brazil are remarkable. Out of the 100 most frequently publishing researchers, 25% were female. Conclusion: Research efforts on paediatric resuscitation have increased but remain underrepresented. Specifically, nations with high infant mortality rates should be integrated by collaborations. Additional efforts are required to overcome gender disparities.

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