Infant Mortality

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
One Year

A child younger than one year of age (i.e., birth to twelve months) is termed an infant. Nearly 5.2 million children less than five died in 2019, with close to 75 percent dying in the first year. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per one thousand live births and remains a key indicator to track child health and survival. Globally, infant deaths have markedly decreased during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period and beyond. The IMR is closely linked to the neonatal period as the greatest risk of mortality in the first year is during the first twenty-eight days of life. Out of the 3.9 million infants who died in 2019, nearly 2.4 million (61.5 percent) died in the first month. Globally, the leading causes of neonatal mortality are complications from preterm birth, intrapartum-related neonatal events, and neonatal infections. Preterm birth complications, the leading cause of under-five and infant deaths, account for nearly 35 percent of all neonatal deaths. Addressing causes of neonatal mortality is critical in reducing global infant mortality and achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2. With the COVID-19 pandemic and its predicted long-term effects on maternal and child health, health systems, and food security this challenge is all the greater.

A Dreadful Childhood: The Excess Mortality of American Slaves

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
The Past ◽  
One Year ◽  
Height Data

Mortality rates in early childhood are widely regarded as a sensitive index of the health and living standards of a population (United Nations, 1973: 138-139; Williamson, 1981; Haines, 1985). The debate over the health and treatment of American slaves has led scholars to investigate various data and methods to construct these measures. Early work based on plantation records placed the infant mortality rate (the proportion of live births that die within one year of birth) at 152.6 per thousand (Postell, 1951: 158). Using census data and indirect techniques, estimates of the infant mortality rate climbed from 182.7 per thousand by Evans (1962: 212) to 274 to 302 per thousand by Farley (1970: 33) and 246 to 275 per thousand by Eblen (1972; 1974). Recent work based on height data and indirect techniques places the infant mortality rate in the neighborhood of 350 per thousand and total losses before the end of the first year (stillbirths plus infant deaths) at nearly 50% (Steckel, 1986a). Thus, measurements over the past four decades have gravitated toward the judgment of southern planter Thomas Afflick (1851: 435) who wrote, “Of those born, one half die under one year.”

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-728
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
One Year

THE infant mortality rate in 1947 was the lowest on record, according to figures released by the National Office of Vital Statistics of the Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency. The number of deaths under one year recorded in the United States during 1947 was 119,173, or 8,110 more than the number (111,063) reported in 1946. However, this increase reflects the tremendous increase in the number of births during 1947 and not a rise in infant mortality. The relative frequency of infant deaths as [SEE TABLE 1,2 and 3 IN SOURCE PDF] measured by the infant mortality rate decreased from 33.8 per 1,000 live births in 1946 to 32.2 in 1947. Provisional figures indicate a further decline in 1948 to an estimated rate of 31.8. The five leading causes of infant deaths in 1947 and the infant mortality rates for each are: premature birth, 11.1 ; congenital malformations, 4.6; pneumonia and influenza, 3.6; injury at birth, 3,5; and asphyxia and atelectasis, 1.6. These leading causes accounted for 75.7% of all the infant deaths in 1947. This was the first year that asphyxia and atelectasis ranked among the five leading causes of infant deaths and that diarrhea, enteritis and ulceration of the intestines has not been in this group. The number of deaths [See Table 4 in source pdf] under one you and infant mortality rates for selected causes in the United States during 1946 and 1947 are presented in Table 2. The relative frequency of deaths under one year is greatest for the under one day age group and decreases steadily with age. Mortality is higher among nonwhite than white infants deaths and among male than female infants. The number of infants deaths and infant mortality rates in the United States for 1947 by subdivisions of the first year of life, race, and sex, are shown in Table 1.

scholarly journals Smoke-free legislation and neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil: longitudinal quasi-experimental study

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-054923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Andre Salem Szklo ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Isabela Sattamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

ObjectiveTo examine the associations of partial and comprehensive smoke-free legislation with neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil using a quasi-experimental study design.DesignMonthly longitudinal (panel) ecological study from January 2000 to December 2016.SettingAll Brazilian municipalities (n=5565).ParticipantsInfant populations.InterventionSmoke-free legislation in effect in each municipality and month. Legislation was encoded as basic (allowing smoking areas), partial (segregated smoking rooms) or comprehensive (no smoking in public buildings). Associations were quantified by immediate step and longer term slope/trend changes in outcomes.Statistical analysesMunicipal-level linear fixed-effects regression models.Main outcomes measuresInfant and neonatal mortality.ResultsImplementation of partial smoke-free legislation was associated with a −3.3 % (95% CI −6.2% to −0.4%) step reduction in the municipal infant mortality rate, but no step change in neonatal mortality. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation implementation was associated with −5.2 % (95% CI −8.3% to −2.1%) and −3.4 % (95% CI −6.7% to −0.1%) step reductions in infant and neonatal mortality, respectively, and a −0.36 (95% CI −0.66 to−0.06) annual decline in the infant mortality rate. We estimated that had all smoke-free legislation introduced since 2004 been comprehensive, an additional 10 091 infant deaths (95% CI 1196 to 21 761) could have been averted.ConclusionsStrengthening smoke-free legislation in Brazil is associated with improvements in infant health outcomes—particularly under comprehensive legislation. Governments should accelerate implementation of comprehensive smoke-free legislation to protect infant health and achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal three.

scholarly journals Evolution of Infant Mortality in Ecuador: A Spatial Analysis From 2010 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Lalangui Vivanco ◽  
Karina Rivadeneira Maya ◽  
Christian Sánchez-Carrillo ◽  
Gersain Sosa Cortéz ◽  
Emmanuelle Quentin
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Situation

Abstract The health situation of children is fundamental for the big picture of public health in a country. Particularly, the death of children under one year of age, calculated through the infant mortality rate is still a key indicator, especially in Latin America where the overall rate has been constantly decreasing down to 13.9 infant deaths per 1000 live births. But this global figure encompasses geographical and temporal disparities within the same country. This is why it is interesting to analyze this evolution through a geomatic method of spatial prioritization. By combining hotspots detection (Local Indicators of Spatial Association, LISA) and time trend over 20 years (Mann-Kendall) at municipal level data from Ecuador, a country with infant mortality similar to the regional average, we obtain the most critical townships that should receive special attention with respect to maternal and infant health.

Statement on Infant Mortality

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1155-1160
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
First Year ◽  
Postneonatal Mortality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Live Births ◽  
First Year Of Life

Why Is Infant Mortality Important? Rates of infant mortality are sensitive indicators of a broad range of factors affecting children's health. As such, infant mortality is the "tip of the iceberg" of child health problems, and changes in infant mortality are a signal of factors affecting child health more broadly. In addition to its role as a general gauge of child health, infant mortality itself represents an important health problem. It is well to remember that infant death rates are the highest of any age group less than 65 years. The message conveyed by infant mortality rates if better understood in terms of the causes of mortality at different times during the first year of life. Neonatal Mortality Neonatal mortality rate is defined as the number of infants dying between 0 and 27 days of life per 1,000 live births. These deaths in the first month of life reflect primarily factors associated with health of the mother before and during pregnancy and the special problems of the newborn. Deaths in this age range result chiefly from inadequate intruterine growth (prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation) and congenital anomalies. As a result, neonatal mortality rates provide an indicator of the factors affecting pregnancy, delivery, and the neonate and the adequacy of services in the prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal periods. Postneonatal Mortality Postneonatal mortality rate is defined as the number of infants dying between 28 days and 11 months of life per 1,000 live births, ie, deaths occurring during the remainder of the first year of life.

Mortality Rate of Japanese Twins and Triplets III. Infant Deaths of Triplets After Birth to One Year of Age

1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Imaizumi ◽  
Eiji Inouye ◽  
Akio Asaka
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monthly Expenditure ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year

The rate of infant mortality of triplet individuals (deaths under one year of age) was computed using 34 sets of triplets born in the first half of 1974. The rates were 8.82%, 9.68%, and 10.34% for the first-, second-, and the third-born triplets, respectively. For males and females the rates were 8.33% and 10.34%, respectively, and the difference was not significant. The rate decreased with gestational age up to 32-35 weeks. For those with heavier weight at birth (≤2,000 g) the rate was lower (0%) than for those with lighter weight (<2,000 g, 8.16%), but the difference is not significant (P = 0.087). Infant mortality rate of triplets decreased with increased monthly expenditure of the household.

Deaths in children under one year old at a health district

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Sandra Trindade Low ◽  
Ednaldo Cavalcante de Araújo ◽  
Thacia Bezerra Teixeira de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Paula de Souza Tenório ◽  
Daniela Angélica Calado Cavalcanti
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Health District ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACTObjective: to characterize the deaths in children under one year in the Health District VI (HD VI) from Recife, in 2006 and 2007 years. Methods: this is a retrospective descriptive exploratory study, performed with secondary data of all deaths in children under one year of DSVI through the following sources: Declaration of death, Mortality Information System, Information System on Born Alive and Confidential Research Card Death in Less Than 1 Year, analyzed by statistical descriptive information into tables, using simple frequency and absolute number. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee and Research from Integrated Health Center Amaury de Medeiros (CAAE 088/08/08-0086.0.250.000-). Results: the infant mortality rate of HD VI was 68 in 2006 and 60 in 2007 with the fall in Infant Mortality Coefficient of 11.4 to 10,8. In neonatal component, there was a decrease of 8.4 to 6,7. The post-neonatal mortality was increased by 3.0 to 4.1. The main underlying cause of death identified corresponded to perinatal damage with 54,69%, calling attention to the low socio-economic levels, maternal prematurity, Apgar score less than 7 and low weight at birth. Conclusions: the neonatal mortality is still deserves special attention from health services, however, the increase observed in post-neonatal component suggests environmental and socio-economic conditions unfavorable. Descriptors: infant mortality; children’s health; basic health indicators; nursing. RESUMOObjetivo: caracterizar os óbitos em menores de um ano no Distrito Sanitário VI (DS VI) da cidade do Recife, nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Métodos: estudo Exploratório descritivo retrospectivo com dados secundários de todos os óbitos em menores de um ano do DSVI através das seguintes fontes: Declaração de óbito, Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e Ficha Confidencial de Investigação de Óbito em Menor de um Ano, analisados através de estatística descritiva com informações em tabelas, utilizando-se frequência simples e número absoluto. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Centro Integrado de Saúde Amaury de Medeiros (088/08/CAAE - 0086.0.250.000-08). Resultados: a mortalidade infantil do DS VI foi de 68 em 2006 e 60 em 2007 com queda do Coeficiente de Mortalidade Infantil de 11,4 para 10,8. No componente neonatal, verificou-se um decréscimo do coeficiente de 8,4 para 6,7, Já o pós-neonatal, sofreu um aumento de 3,0 para 4,1. A principal causa básica de morte identificada correspondeu às afecções perinatais com 54,69%, chamando atenção aos baixos níveis sócio-econômicos maternos, prematuridade, Apgar menor que 7 e baixo peso ao nascer. Conclusões: A mortalidade neonatal continua merecendo atenção especial dos serviços de saúde, todavia, o acréscimo verificado no componente pós-neonatal sugere condições ambientais e sócio-econômicas desfavoráveis. Descritores: mortalidade infantil; saúde da criança; indicadores básicos de saúde, enfermagem. RESUMENObjetivo: caracterizar las muertes en niños menores de un año en el VI Distrito de Salud (DS VI) de la ciudad de Recife, en los años 2006 y 2007. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo retrospectivo con datos secundarios de todas las muertes en niños menores de un año del DSVI a través de las siguientes fuentes: El Declaración de la Muerte, Sistema de la Información sobre Mortalidad, el Sistema de Informaciónes sobre nacidos vivos y La Ficha Confidencial de la Investigación confidencial de la muerte en niños menores de un 1 año, analizados por estadística descriptiva con la información en tablas, con frecuencia simple y el número absoluto. Este estudio fue aprobado por la Ética y el Centro de Investigación de Salud Integral Amaury de Medeiros (088/08/CAAE - 0086.0.250.000-08). Resultados: la mortalidad DS VI fue de 68 en 2006 y 60 en 2007 con la caída de la tasa de mortalidad infantil de 11,4 a 10,8. En el componente neonatal, hubo una disminución en el coeficiente de 8,4 a 6,7. En la mortalidad post-neonatal se incrementó en 3,0 a 4,1. La principal causa subyacente de muerte identificada, correspondió a afecciones perinatales con el 54,69%, llamando la atención sobre el bajo nivel socio-económico, prematuridad materna, puntuación de Apgar por debajo de 7 y el bajo peso al nacer. Conclusiones: La mortalidad neonatal sigue mereciendo una atención especial de los servicios de salud, sin embargo, el aumento observado en el período post-neonatal sugiere que las condiciones ambientales y socio-económicas son desfavorables. Descriptores: mortalidad infantil; salud del niño; indicadores básicos de la salud; enfermería. 

Trends in Preterm-Related Infant Mortality by Race and Ethnicity, United States, 1999–2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian F. MacDorman ◽  
William M. Callaghan ◽  
T. J. Mathews ◽  
Donna L. Hoyert ◽  
Kenneth D. Kochanek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Hispanic White

Trends in preterm-related causes of death were examined by maternal race and ethnicity. A grouping of preterm-related causes of infant death was created by identifying causes that were a direct cause or consequence of preterm birth. Cause-of-death categories were considered to be preterm-related when 75 percent or more of total infant deaths attributed to that cause were deaths of infants born preterm, and the cause was considered to be a direct consequence of preterm birth based on a clinical evaluation and review of the literature. In 2004, 36.5 percent of all infant deaths in the United States were preterm-related, up from 35.4 percent in 1999. The preterm-related infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic black mothers was 3.5 times higher and the rate for Puerto Rican mothers was 75 percent higher than for non-Hispanic white mothers. The preterm-related infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic black mothers was higher than the total infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic white, Mexican, and Asian or Pacific Islander mothers. The leveling off of the U.S. infant mortality decline since 2000 has been attributed in part to an increase in preterm and low-birthweight births. Continued tracking of preterm-related causes of infant death will improve our understanding of trends in infant mortality in the United States.

Mortality Rate of Japanese Twins and Triplets II. Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Infant Deaths of Twins After Birth to One Year of Age

1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Imaizumi ◽  
Eiji Inouye ◽  
Akio Asaka
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Monthly Expenditure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mz Twins

The rates of infant mortality of twin individuals were 4.38% and 7.76% for mothers healthy and nonhealthy after delivery, respectively, and the difference is significant at the 0.01 level. The lowest infant mortality rate was seen in the mothers with paid work during pregnancy (4.56%), followed by the mothers engaged only in housekeeping (4.72%) and by those self-employed during the pregnancy (4.99%). Infant mortality rate for MZ twins decreased with increased monthly expenditure of the household, whereas the rate for DZ twins remained constant with expenditure. Socioeconomic factors still affect the infant mortality of twins, and the infant mortality rate can be improved.

scholarly journals The Role of Place of Delivery in Preventing Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rate in India

Geographies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Ujjwal Das ◽  
Barkha Chaplot ◽  
Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Place Of Delivery ◽  
At Home

Skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery have been advocated for reducing maternal, neonatal mortality and infant mortality (NMR and IMR). This paper examines the role of place of delivery with respect to neo-natal and infant mortality in India using four rounds of the Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. The place of birth has been categorized as “at home” or “public and private institution.” The role of place of delivery on neo-natal and infant mortality was examined by using multivariate hazard regression models adjusted for clus-tering and relevant maternal, socio-economic, pregnancy and new-born characteristics. There were 141,028 deliveries recorded in public institutions and 54,338 in private institutions. The esti-mated neonatal mortality rate in public and private institutions during this period was 27 and 26 per 1000 live births respectively. The study shows that when the mother delivers child at home, the chances of neonatal mortality risks are higher than the mortality among children born at the health facility centers. Regression analysis also indicates that a professionally qualified provider′s antenatal treatment and assistance greatly decreases the risks of neonatal mortality. The results of the study illustrate the importance of the provision of institutional facilities and proper pregnancy in the prevention of neonatal and infant deaths. To improve the quality of care during and imme-diately after delivery in health facilities, particularly in public hospitals and in rural areas, accel-erated strengthening is required.

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