MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH IN CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 70,000 POPULATION AND OVER FOR THE YEAR 1923 IN RELATION TO THEIR INFANT MORTALITY RATES

1930 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD ARTHUR BOLT
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Municipal Expenditures

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-728
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
One Year

THE infant mortality rate in 1947 was the lowest on record, according to figures released by the National Office of Vital Statistics of the Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency. The number of deaths under one year recorded in the United States during 1947 was 119,173, or 8,110 more than the number (111,063) reported in 1946. However, this increase reflects the tremendous increase in the number of births during 1947 and not a rise in infant mortality. The relative frequency of infant deaths as [SEE TABLE 1,2 and 3 IN SOURCE PDF] measured by the infant mortality rate decreased from 33.8 per 1,000 live births in 1946 to 32.2 in 1947. Provisional figures indicate a further decline in 1948 to an estimated rate of 31.8. The five leading causes of infant deaths in 1947 and the infant mortality rates for each are: premature birth, 11.1 ; congenital malformations, 4.6; pneumonia and influenza, 3.6; injury at birth, 3,5; and asphyxia and atelectasis, 1.6. These leading causes accounted for 75.7% of all the infant deaths in 1947. This was the first year that asphyxia and atelectasis ranked among the five leading causes of infant deaths and that diarrhea, enteritis and ulceration of the intestines has not been in this group. The number of deaths [See Table 4 in source pdf] under one you and infant mortality rates for selected causes in the United States during 1946 and 1947 are presented in Table 2. The relative frequency of deaths under one year is greatest for the under one day age group and decreases steadily with age. Mortality is higher among nonwhite than white infants deaths and among male than female infants. The number of infants deaths and infant mortality rates in the United States for 1947 by subdivisions of the first year of life, race, and sex, are shown in Table 1.

scholarly journals Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Wildeman ◽  
Alyssa W. Goldman ◽  
Emily A. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Objectives: The number of adults in the United States being held on probation—persons convicted of crimes and serving their sentence in the community rather than in a correctional facility—approached 4 million at the end of 2016 and continues to grow, yet little is known about the health and well-being of this population. We compared the standardized mortality ratios of persons on probation in the United States with persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. Methods: We used administrative data from 2001-2012 from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database and indirect standardization techniques to compare the mortality rates of persons on probation in 15 states with the mortality rates of persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. We applied the age-specific mortality rates of 3 populations (general US population, persons in jail, and persons in state prison) to the age distribution of persons on probation to estimate standardized mortality ratios. Results: Persons on probation died at a rate 3.42 times higher than persons in jail, 2.81 times higher than persons in state prison, and 2.10 times higher than the general US population, after standardizing the age distribution of persons on probation relative to the other 3 groups. Conclusions: Public health interventions should target persons on probation, who have received less attention from the public health community than persons serving sentences in jails and prisons.

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

Comparison of Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rates between Infants Born in South Korea and Those Born in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Sun Lee ◽  
Jung Min Yoon ◽  
Eun Jung Cheon ◽  
Kyong Og Ko ◽  
Jae Won Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates

Regional Contribution of Previable Infant Deaths to Infant Mortality Rates in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MacKenzie Lee ◽  
Eric S. Hall ◽  
Meredith Taylor ◽  
Emily A. DeFranco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Healthy People 2020

Objective Lack of standardization of infant mortality rate (IMR) calculation between regions in the United States makes comparisons potentially biased. This study aimed to quantify differences in the contribution of early previable live births (<20 weeks) to U.S. regional IMR. Study Design Population-based cohort study of all U.S. live births and infant deaths recorded between 2007 and 2014 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) WONDER database linked birth/infant death records (births from 17–47 weeks). Proportion of infant deaths attributable to births <20 vs. 20 to 47 weeks, and difference (ΔIMR) between reported and modified (births ≥20 weeks) IMRs were compared across four U.S. census regions (North, South, Midwest, and West). Results Percentages of infant deaths attributable to birth <20 weeks were 6.3, 6.3, 5.3, and 4.1% of total deaths for Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, respectively, p < 0.001. Contribution of < 20-week deaths to each region's IMR was 0.34, 0.42, 0.37, and 0.2 per 1,000 live births. Modified IMR yielded less regional variation with IMRs of 5.1, 6.2, 6.6, and 4.9 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion Live births at <20 weeks contribute significantly to IMR as all result in infant death. Standardization of gestational age cut-off results in more consistent IMRs among U.S. regions and would result in U.S. IMR rates exceeding the healthy people 2020 goal of 6.0 per 1,000 live births.

PUBLIC HEALTH

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1018-1021
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
First Time

For the first time in 3 years it is gratifying to note that the infant mortality in the United States has not increased. The estimated rate for 1959, 26.4, was about 2% lower than the 1958 rate of 26.9 and is at the same level as the 1957 rate. Low point thus far for the United States was in 1956, when the rate was 26.0. There was relatively little change in the other important rates—births, deaths and marriages. The natural increase in the population, that is births (including an estimate for those unregistered) minus deaths, was 2,632,000, giving a rate of increase of 14.9 per 1,000 population, essentially the same as the 1958 rate of 15.0.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-168
Author(s):  
MYRON E. WEGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
American Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Nurse ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
White House

THE five White House Conferences represent in no small degree the stages in the development of pediatrics in the United States. The first Conference was called by President Roosevelt in 1909 to meet the needs of the orphaned, abandoned, and neglected children. It was the year in which the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality was organized. It was at a time when there was not a single fully developed pediatric clinic in the U.S.A. As a result of this Conference the Children's Bureau was established in 1912, and it has continued to give at the Federal level leadership in the prevention of disease, improvement in the care of children and standardization of child labor practices. The American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality was organized to solve a problem by what today is called the multidisciplinary approach. It focused the attention of the pediatrician, the public health nurse, social worker, statistician, public health officer, and interested lay groups on the problem of high infant mortality, with a resulting remarkable success. A reduction of the infant mortality rate from 150 to 40 has been accomplished in the last 40 years. We must not forget that in 1909 we did not know how many babies were born in the United States. Complete birth registration was not accomplished until 1933.

Letter To The Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1044-1044
Author(s):  
Alfred Yankauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Letter To The Editor

Second, Dr. Yankauer: "Disgraceful and totally unacceptable" are inflammatory adjectives. They stir up uncomfortable feelings of personal guilt and blame. It would be reassuring if the differences between infant mortality rates in the United States and those of several small European countries with relatively homogenous populations and stable traditions could be explained away as statistical artefacts. Unfortunately the differences cannot be explained away. Clear evidence for their substance is the fact that infant death rates after the first month of life are three times as high in the United States as in Sweden.

Infectious Disease-Related Deaths of Low Birth Weight Infants, United States, 1968 to 1982

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Janine M. Jason
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tract Infections

Infant mortality rates in the United States are higher than in any other developed country. Low birth weight (LBW) is the primary determinant of infant mortality. Despite city, state, and federal programs to prevent LBW, decreases in infant mortality in the 1980s appear to be largely secondary to improved survival of LBW infants rather than to a decline in the rate of LBW births. Because prevention of mortality due to infectious disease is feasible, it was of interest to examine the role of infectious diseases in LBW infant mortality. US vital statistics mortality data for 1968 through 1982 were analyzed in terms of LBW infant mortality associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases. These analyses indicated that the rates of infectious disease-associated early neonatal and postneonatal LBW mortality increased during this time; late neonatal rates did not decline appreciably. Infectious diseases were associated with 4% of all LBW infant deaths in 1968; this had increased to 10% by 1982. Although LBW infant mortality rates associated with noninfectious diseases did not differ for white and black populations, infectious disease-associated mortality rates were consistently higher for blacks than whites in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Chorioamnionitis was involved in 28% of infectious disease-associated early neonatal LBW deaths. Sepsis was an increasingly listed cause of death in all infant age periods, whereas respiratory tract infections were decreasingly listed. Necrotizing enterocolitis increased as a cause of late neonatal mortality. These data suggest that infectious diseases are an increasing cause of LBW infant mortality and these deaths occur more frequently in the black population targeted by prevention programs. More research concerning specific causes and prevention of infections in the LBW infant may help reduce US infant mortality.

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