IRON NEEDS IN INFANCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-517
Author(s):  
IRVING SCHULMAN
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Iron Nutrition ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Specific Concern ◽  
Additional Iron

IN THIS ISSUE is an important paper by Beal et al., representing years of careful observation of healthy infants and children. The data, describing and documenting the progress of 59 children in their natural habitat, are unique in their completeness and derivation. The specific concern with iron nutrition is timely, in view of increasing commercial pressure for inclusion of additional iron in the diet of infants. While it is apparent that the subjects of the study, a "selected group of middle class children ... under the care of private physicians . . . [and having] intelligent, trained parents" cannot be regarded as representative of the general population, it is apropos that attention be directed to these children since it is likely that in just such groups iron supplementation is prescribed most promiscuously.

Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Iron Supplementation in Infants With Low Hemoglobin Levels Fed Iron-Fortified Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-326
Author(s):  
Matilde Irigoyen ◽  
Leslie L. Davidson ◽  
Damaris Carriero ◽  
Carol Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Additional Iron

In spite of the declining prevalence of irodeficiency anemia, a large proportion of low-income infants have "low-normal" (11-11.5 g/dL) and "low" (< 11 g/dL) hemoglobin (Hgb) values. Because most of these infants are fed iron-fortified formulas, it was of interest whether additional iron supplementation would enhance Hgb values. A cohort of 334 healthy, inner-city, minority, 6-month-old infants, fed iron-fortified formulas, with Hgb values ranging from 9 to 11.5 g/dL, participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of supplemental iron at 0, 3, and 6 mg/kg per day for 3 months. Hemoglobin values increased significantly with age, regardless of assignment to placebo or supplemental iron (means for the entire cohort: 6 months 10.9 g/dL, 8 months 11.2, 10 months 11.3, and 12 months 11.4). The proportion of "responders" (Hgb level increased ≥1 g/dL) was 34% and did not differ significantly by placebo or iron dose. There were no significant differences in mean corpuscular volume or levels of erythrocyte porphyrins or serum ferritin between treatment groups. The implications of this clinical trial are twofold: (1) screening healthy infants fed iron-fortified formula at the age of 6 months is not justified, regardless of socioeconomic status; (2) the clinical practice of routinely treating low-income, "low-Hgb" infants with iron supplementation, without regard to dietary considerations, is unwarranted.

Does iron supplementation compromise zinc nutrition in healthy infants?

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Yip ◽  
J D Reeves ◽  
B Lönnerdal ◽  
C L Keen ◽  
P R Dallman
Keyword(s):  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Zinc Nutrition

scholarly journals Health outcomes of iron supplementation and/or food fortification in iron-replete children aged 4–24 months: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic J. Hare ◽  
Sabine Braat ◽  
Bárbara R. Cardoso ◽  
Christopher Morgan ◽  
Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Income ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Theses And Dissertations ◽  
Additional Iron

Abstract Background Direct supplementation or food fortification with iron are two public health initiatives intended to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in 4–24-month-old infants. In most high-income countries where IDA prevalence is < 15%, the recommended daily intake levels of iron from supplements and/or consumption of fortified food products are at odds with World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines that recommend shorter-term (3 months/year) supplementation only in populations with IDA prevalence > 40%. Emerging concerns about delayed neurological effects of early-life iron overexposure have raised questions as to whether recommended guidelines in high-income countries are unnecessarily excessive. This systematic review will gather evidence from supplementation/fortification trials, comparing health outcomes in studies where iron-replete children did or did not receive additional dietary iron; and determine if replete children at study outset were not receiving additional iron show changes in haematological indices of ID/IDA over the trial duration. Methods We will perform a systematic review of the literature, including all studies of iron supplementation and/or fortification, including study arms with confirmed iron-replete infants at the commencement of the trial. This includes both dietary iron intervention or placebo/average dietary intakes. One reviewer will conduct searches in electronic databases of published and ongoing trials (Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, CENTRAL, EBSCO [e.g. CINAHL Complete, Food Science and Technology Abstracts], Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu and who.it/trialsearch), digital theses and dissertations (WorldCat, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, DART-Europe E-theses Portal, Australasian Digital Theses Program, Theses Canada Portal and ProQuest). For eligible studies, one reviewer will use a data extraction form, and a second reviewing entered data for accuracy. Both reviewers will independently perform quality assessments before qualitative and, if appropriate, quantitative synthesis as a meta-analysis. We will resolve any discrepancies through discussion or consult a third author to resolve discrepancies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement will be used as the basis for reporting. Discussion Recommended iron supplementation and food fortification practices in high-income countries have been criticised for being both excessive and based on outdated or underpowered studies. This systematic review will build a case for revisiting iron intake guidelines for infants through the design of new trials where health effects of additional iron intake in iron-replete infants are the primary outcome. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42018093744.

Iron Intake, Hemoglobin, and Growth

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-344
Author(s):  
LOUIS K. DIAMOND
Keyword(s):  
Critical Time ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article on "Iron Intake, Hemoglobin, and Physical Growth" (Pediatrics, 30:518, 1962) merits special comment. Although this represents years of careful observation of healthy infants and children, the hematologic data offered on them are meager. They do not clearly support the authors' contention that iron intake does not appear to be directly reflected in hemoglobin levels at 2 years of age. At 1 year this relationship certainly does not hold true from an analysis of their own data. As a matter of fact, 1 year of age is a more critical time to evaluate the relationship of iron to hemoglobin, because during the first year, growth is more rapid and dietary inadequacies are more likely to occur.

The Absorption of Iron as Supplements in Infant Cereal and Infant Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-693
Author(s):  
Ernesto Rios ◽  
Robert E. Hunter ◽  
James D. Cook ◽  
Nathan J. Smith ◽  
Clement A. Finch
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Ferrous Sulfate ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Iron Supplement ◽  
Large Particle Size ◽  
Iron Supplements ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Forms Of Iron

The absorption of iron was measured from isotopically tagged salts used in supplementing infant cereals and as the iron supplement in cow's milk and soy-based formulas. Iron as sodium iron pryophosphate and ferric orthophosphate were poorly absorbed from infant cereal (mean, &lt; 1.0%) and thus are not dependable sources of iron to meet the nutritional needs of infants. Reduced iron of very small particle size and ferrous sulfate when added to cereal was absorbed to a greater extent (mean, 4.0% and 2.7% respectively). For technical reasons, these two forms of iron had not been added to commercial cereal products because of discoloration, distribution problems of the iron in the product, and shortened shelf life. Therefore, at the present time, iron supplementation of infant cereals with sodium iron pyrophosphate, ferric orthophosphate, and reduced iron of large particle size does not provide a predictable and available source of iron to meet the needs of infants. Supplemental iron as ferrous sulfate in milk- and soy-based formulas gave a mean absorption of 3.4% to 5.4%. The iron supplements in these formulas can essentially meet the needs for dietary iron of healthy infants.

SERUM FERRITIN IN ASSESSMENT OF IRON NUTRITION IN HEALTHY INFANTS

1978 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. M. SAARINEN ◽  
M. A. SIIMES
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Nutrition ◽  
Healthy Infants

scholarly journals Anemia Prevalence and Iron Supplementation Practices Among Pregnant Women in Vancouver, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 733-733
Author(s):  
Kelsey Cochrane ◽  
Rajavel Elango ◽  
Angela Devlin ◽  
Jennifer Hutcheon ◽  
Crystal Karakochuk
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Ferritin Concentration ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Prenatal Vitamins ◽  
Additional Iron

Abstract Objectives Health Canada recommends supplementation with 16–20 mg iron during pregnancy to maintain adequate iron stores and reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency. Most prenatal vitamins contain 27 mg iron (the recommended dietary allowance). In the case of diagnosed iron deficiency (typically defined as a ferritin concentration &lt; 15–50 µg/L), some pregnant women may be recommended to take additional iron. Iron is an essential nutrient and adequate intake is needed for a healthy pregnancy; however, excess iron can also be harmful. We aimed to evaluate the hematological profile, prevalence of anemia, and iron supplementation practices of healthy pregnant women in Vancouver, Canada. Methods As part of an ongoing clinical trial, 40 healthy pregnant women (aged 19–42 years) received prenatal vitamins containing 27 mg iron over 16 weeks of pregnancy, starting at 9–21 weeks gestation. A complete blood count was measured at baseline and endline. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin &lt; 110 g/L in the first/third trimesters and &lt; 105 g/L in the second trimester. Microcytic anemia (most commonly caused by iron deficiency) was defined as having both anemia and a MCV concentration &lt; 80 fL. Participants reported other supplement use throughout the study, including additional iron prescribed for treatment of iron deficiency and/or anemia. Results At baseline and endline, the mean ± SD of hemoglobin was 124 ± 9 g/L and 127 ± 11 g/L; and for MCV was 89 ± 3 fL and 91 ± 3 fL, respectively. Based on hemoglobin (trimester-specific) and MCV thresholds, no participants were classified as having anemia or microcytic anemia at either timepoint, respectively. At endline, a total of n = 8 women (20%) reported that following their baseline visit (during the intervention period) they were informed by their health care provider to increase their supplemental dose of iron up to 300 mg, in addition to the 27 mg in the study prenatal vitamin. Conclusions Whether recommendation for additional iron was warranted in 20% of women is unclear, as none had microcytic anemia based on hemoglobin and MCV values. Measurement of ferritin is warranted for the definitive diagnosis of iron deficiency, and to elucidate if there is a need for improved clinical practices for recommending additional iron supplementation. Funding Sources Healthy Starts Catalyst Grant (BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada).

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