PSXII-25 Effects of level and source of dietary forage on performance of lactating Alpine goats

Thirty-two primiparous and 32 multiparous Alpine goats consumed diets varying in level and source of forage to determine influences on lactation performance. Diets were 40, 50, 60, and 70% forage (40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively), with forage in 60F and 70F being coarsely ground grass hay (primarily orchardgrass) and that in 40F and 50F cottonseed hulls, alfalfa pellets, and wheat hay. Initial body weight was 56.1±1.22 and 58.3±1.33 kg for primiparous and multiparous goats, respectively. Diets were 15.7–16.1% crude protein, 40.5, 45.9, 57.1, and 59.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 6.1, 7.4, 4.6, and 5.0% acid detergent lignin, 10.0, 15.8, 50.1, and 55.5% particle retention on a 19-mm sieve, and 28.1, 32.4, 41.9, and 43.2% physically effective NDF for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively. The experiment started at 14 days-in-milk and lasted 16 wk. Average daily gain was similar (P > 0.05) among treatments (-23, -33, -28, and -28 g; SEM=1.11), but dry matter intake [(DMI) 2.71, 2.75, 1.96, and 1.95 kg/d, SEM=0.133] and milk yield (2.82, 2.71, 2.23, and 2.10 kg/d; SEM=0.157) were lower (P < 0.05) for the 2 diets highest in forage. Treatments affected (P < 0.05) milk fat (3.16, 3.37, 2.93, and 2.97%; SEM=0.120) and protein concentrations (2.62, 2.69, 2.58, and 2.52% for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively; SEM=0.042). Milk energy yield was greater (P < 0.05) for the 2 diets highest in concentrate (7.51, 7.45, 5.68, and 5.34 MJ/d; SEM=0.471), although relative to DMI yield was not affected (P > 0.05) by diet (2.94, 2.95, 2.76, and 2.74 MJ/kg for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively (SEM=0.164) and was greater (P < 0.05) for multiparous vs. primiparous goats (2.64 and 3.05 MJ/kg; SEM=0.116). In conclusion, lactational performance of Alpine goats in early to mid-lactation will be constrained with diets high in forage of moderate quality and large particle size.

Solution-Responsive Particle Size Adaptivity in Lagrangian Vortex Particle Methods

In order to minimize the computational resources necessary for a given level of accuracy in a Lagrangian Vortex Particle Method, a novel particle core size adaptivity scheme has been created. The method adapts locally to the solution while preventing large particle size gradients, and optionally adapts globally to focus effort on important regions. It is implemented in the diffusion solver, which uses the Vorticity Redistribution Method, by allowing and accounting for variations in the core radius of participating particles. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this new method on the diffusion of a δ-function and impulsively started flow over a circular cylinder at Re = 9,500. In each case, the adaptive method provides solutions with marginal loss of accuracy but with substantially fewer computational elements.

Large scale industry mill: effect of extraction rate of flour on the dough rheological properties

Consumption of whole wheat flour is increasing worldwide because of its nutritional value. However, the flour rheological properties are affected by a high extraction rate (ER), that have been mentioned for many studies done on a laboratory scale. In the present study, a high ER flour produced by using a large-scale industrial mill was used to determine the effect of high ER on the dough rheological properties. The three studied extraction rates (80%, 85%, and 92%) were achieved by changing the roll adjustments and adding fine bran. The rheological properties (farinogram, extensiogram, and amylogram parameters) of the produced flour were determined in addition to some chemical and physical attributes. The result showed that there were no significant differences between farinogram parameters except for water absorption, which was increased with increasing ER. Also, there were no significant differences for extensiogram parameters and amylogram parameters, as well as for wet gluten and gluten index, protein, and moisture content. Conversely, for ash content, there were significant differences between the three flours. For PSD, there were no significant differences between produced flour related to the large particle size (above 720 and 354 µm). In conclusion, increasing ER of produced flour up to 92% with adding fine particle size bran had no significant effect on the rheological properties of the produced flour compared to 80% ER.

Study on Heat Transfer Performance of Non-integral Capillary Core Sintered Uniform Plate

This paper mainly introduces the sintering process of the monolithic capillary wick and analyzes the influence of different copper powder particle size, filling rate, copper powder shape and heat source size on the heat transfer performance of the isothermal plate. The experimental results show that: (1) For the isothermal plate sintered with spherical copper powder, the capillary force of large particle size copper powder is small, but the flow resistance is also small, and the performance of the isothermal plate sintered with large particle size copper powder is better. (2) In the case of low filling rate, the isothermal plate is dried due to insufficient return fluid. In the case of high filling rate, on the one hand, the thickness of the liquid film at the evaporation end of the isothermal plate is large, resulting in additional thermal resistance. On the other hand, the thin film evaporation mode will be transformed into pool boiling mode, which will reduce the heat transfer performance. (3) Spherical copper powder sintered plate with regular shape has the best performance, while dendritic copper powder sintered plate has relatively high thermal resistance. (4) The heat source area has a great influence on the thermal resistance of the plate. Under the same heating power, the thermal resistance of the small area heat source is much higher than that of the large area heat source; The thermal resistance of sintered copper plate is lower than that of pure copper plate under two heat source areas.

Oxidation Behaviors of Aluminum Nanopowders with Different Particle Sizes: A Real-Time Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Study

We have studied the oxidation behaviors of aluminum (Al) nanopowders with different particle sizes using a real-time synchrotron X-ray scattering during annealing in air. The Al nanopowders with small particle size of 78 nm at room temperature (RT) were a single crystal. The surface of the nanopowders was first oxidized to amorphous Al oxide near 450 °C, and then crystallized to γ-Al2O3 phase at 550 °C. The inside of the nanopowders existed as crystal Al phase at 680 °C, high compared to the melting temperature of Al bulk, 660 °C. In contrast, the Al nanopowders with large particle size of 816 nm at RT have multi grains inside a particle. The surface and grain boundary of the powders were first oxidized to amorphous Al oxide near 470 °C, and then crystallized to γ-Al2O3 phase at 550 °C. The inside of the powders existed as amorphous Al phase at 620 °C, melted at 656 °C, and then oxidized gradually above 656 °C.

Study on the Manufacturing of Ultra-Fine Ore Briquettes for Charging in a Sintering Machine

In ironmaking, the optimal size of the iron ore charged into a blast furnace is generally 10-30 mm. Oversized ores, which have a smaller reaction surface area, are crushed, while undersized ores, which decrease permeability, undergo a sizing process before being charged into the blast furnace. Recently, however, iron ore has been micronized, and there is less high-quality iron ore. Also, in accordance with the Paris climate change accord, the Republic of Korea must reduce CO2 gas emissions by about 39% before 2030 to conserve the environment. In response, steelmakers have researched a sinter-briquette complex firing process which employs a method of charging where the raw materials are sintered together with briquettes made of ultra-fine ore. Extra heat is needed to sinter the briquettes. If the briquettes are broken during transporting and charging, the sinter bed permeability decreases, which decreases productivity. In this study, briquettes were made by changing manufacturing conditions such as moisture content, feeding speed, and size, and were simulated by changing the pocket depth in a numerical analysis. Consequently, it was determined that the compressive strength of the briquette was highest when moisture in the briquette was 6 wt%, in proportion to feeding speed and large particle size. Briquette density was in inverse proportion to pocket depth, and when the depth was over 15 mm, the briquette was broken in the pocket.

REGULARITIES OF BAYERITE-STRUCTURED ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE FORMATION DURING PRECIPITATION

Based on published data and experimental studies of formation regularities of aluminium hydroxide, a reproducible technique for synthesis of bayerite-structured aluminium hydroxide by precipitation was developed as a part of the creation of preparation technology of chromia-alumina dehydrogenation catalyst. A possibility of synthesis of high purity bayerite (above 90 wt.%) with different particle sizes depending on synthesis conditions was shown. A correlation between dispersion of the sediments and synthesis temperature was shown, the optimal precipitation temperature – which allows obtaining bayerite with a sufficiently large particle size and high purity – was found. Based on the experiments, a fundamental difference between technologies and products of precipitation by sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia was shown. The influence of duration of precipitation stages on the properties of sediments is analyzed from the standpoint of theory of relative supersaturation

Flaky Cobalt Phosphide Modified Manganese Iron Oxide as a Highly Efficient OER Catalyst

The transition metal oxides with spinel structures prepared using the traditional method have defects, including a small specific surface area, large particle size and poor conductivity. These defects considerably limit...

The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 2: Optimization in paperboard formulations for opacity and strength

This report aims to summarize the efforts in testing the properties of coatings for paperboard utilizing hollow sphere pigments (HSPs). HSPs are known to effectively scatter light and replace titanium dioxide (TiO2) in architectural coating formulations. The effect of the particle size and void fraction was evaluated, along with many coating parameters, including level of addition, binder chemistry, and blends of two HSPs. The small HSPs that have optimized voids for scattering light showed equivalent strength to the TiO2-containing control. The strength data was surprising, particularly the improvement in strength for coatings containing large particle size HSPs. Because of this increase in strength, four parts of binder could be removed, which allowed for higher brightness while not compromising other properties, including hot melt glueability. These trends held true using different binder chemistries (styrene acrylic, vinyl acrylic, and styrene butadiene). Upon refining the formulations further, blends of two HSPs showed further benefit.