ADJUSTMENT OF VENTILATION AND PERFUSION IN THE FULL-TERM NORMAL AND DISTRESSED NEONATE AS DETERMINED BY URINARY ALVEOLAR NITROGEN GRADIENTS

The urinary alveolar nitrogen gradient was measured serially in 20 normal and six distressed full-term newborn infants. When the gradient is small (less than 10 mm Hg) ventilation is evenly distributed throughout the lung. When a large gradient is determined this is a reflection of numbers of alveoli with low ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratios. In healthy adults used as a control for the method, a gradient of less than 10 mm Hg was recorded. Healthy, nondistressed newborn infants were almost all within the normal range from the first day of life. Infants found to have distress due to meconium aspiration or transient neonatal tachypnea had large gradients throughout the first week of life. The studies indicate that the healthy, full-term infant rapidly achieves a normal distribution of pulmonary ventilation, whereas serious maldistribution of ventilation occurs in meconium aspiration pneumonia.

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Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.51.2.311a ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 311-312

Author(s):

L. Michael Fiengold

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Term Infant ◽

Full Term ◽

X Rays ◽

Letters To The Editor ◽

Meconium Aspiration ◽

Full Term Infant

The case reported by Drs. Keidel and Feingold of Wilson Mikity Disease in a full-term infant indeed had meconium aspiration as a component. However, the baby went on to have oxygen dependency for at least a month following birth. This of course differs entirely from the syndrome of meconium aspiration. Moreover, the case was reviewed by Dr. Arnold Rudolph and Dr. Victor Mikity who read the x-rays personally. There is no doubt that the case report is valid and can clearly be differentiated from the course of the two infants that Dr. Cohen reported.

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Acoustic Examination of Preterm and Full-Term Infant Cries

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jslhr.4204.850 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 850-861 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Alexander M. Goberman ◽

Michael P. Robb

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Term Infant ◽

Speech Development ◽

Full Term ◽

Spectral Energy ◽

Term Infants ◽

Average Spectrum ◽

Long Time ◽

Infant Cries

The acoustic characteristics of crying behavior displayed in 2 groups of newborn infants are reported. The crying episodes of 10 full-term and 10 preterm infants were audio recorded and analyzed with regard to the long-time average spectrum (LTAS) characteristics. An LTAS display was created for each infant's non-partitioned crying episode, as well as for 3 equidurational partitions of the crying episode. Measures of first spectral peak, mean spectral energy, and spectral tilt were revealing of differences between full-term and preterm infants' non-partitioned crying episodes. In addition, the full-term infants demonstrated significant changes in their crying behavior across partitions, whereas the preterm infants changed little across the crying episode. Discussion focuses on possible differences between full-term and preterm infants in their neurophysiological maturity, and the subsequent impact on their speech development. The importance of examining entire crying episodes when evaluating the crying behavior of infants is also discussed.

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PERICARDITIS IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.16.5.673 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 673-676

Author(s):

Marie Valdes-Dapena ◽

William H. Miller

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Dysfunction ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Term Infant ◽

Full Term ◽

Sufficient Evidence ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Full Term Infant ◽

Stillborn Fetus ◽

Microscopic Findings

A review of the literature has revealed 9 instances of pericarditis in fetuses and newborn infants less than 2 days of age. In only 2 of these are the histologic findings available. We have reported the macroscopic and microscopic findings in 2 additional patients with pericarditis, 1 of whom was a premature stillborn fetus. The second patient was a full-term infant who lived for 4 days and who manifested sufficient evidence of cardiac dysfunction to warrant electrocardiographic studies.

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ACTIVITY OF GLUTAMIC-OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND PLASMA OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.24.3.378 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 378-388

Author(s):

Miriam Lending ◽

Lawrence B. Slobody ◽

Martin L. Stone ◽

Richard E. Hosbach ◽

Joan Mestern

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Dehydrogenase Activity ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽

Full Term ◽

Transaminase Activity ◽

Normal Range ◽

Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase ◽

Term Newborn

The activity of the enzymes, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase, in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma was studied in 54 normal full-term newborn infants from 2½ to 240 hours of age, and in 20 newborn infants suspected to have intracranial pathology. The normal range of activities of these enzymes in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma are described. In the infants with suspected intracranial pathology, the average glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity of cerebrospinal fluid was 82% higher than in the normal newborn infant, and plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity, had an 18% mean increase over normal. In the cerebrospinal fluid of the abnormal infants, lactic dehydrogenase activity had a mean increase of 309% over normal, and plasma lactic dehydrogenase activity revealed an increase of 11% over normal. Enzyme determinations in cerebrospinal fluid, particularly lactic dehydrogenase, may be useful in the study of newborn infants suspected of intracranial pathology.

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Can Newborn Infants Distinguish between Tone and Noise?

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1978.47.3f.1123 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 47 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1123-1126 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Siegmund Levarie ◽

Nathan Rudolph

Keyword(s):

Newborn Infants ◽

Sound Level ◽

Full Term ◽

Term Newborn ◽

Almost All

Full-term newborn infants were exposed to sounds produced alternatively either as tone at d = 293 Hz or as noise, each at a sound level of approximately 85 dB. In almost all cases, the infants were disturbed by noise but not by tone. The results suggest that the psychological distinction between tone and noise is inborn rather than conditioned.

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Skin Creases on the Sole of the Foot as a Physical Index of Maturity: Comparison Between Caucasian and Negro Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.50.3.483 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 483-485

Author(s):

Eleni Damoulaki-Sfakianaki ◽

Alex Robertson ◽

Leandro Cordero

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Clinical Sign ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Anterior Part ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Term Infant ◽

Full Term ◽

Intrauterine Life ◽

Sole Of The Foot ◽

Physical Index

It has been known that the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot occurs in late intrauterine life and that after birth this is a helpful clinical sign to determine gestational age. Until 36 weeks of gestation there are only one or two transverse skin creases on the anterior part of the sole. The posterior two-thirds of the sole are smooth. By 37 to 38 weeks of gestation more creases have appeared and in the full-term infant there is a complex series of criss-crossed creases covering the entire sole. Since no racial differences in the presence or absence of this sign have ever been published a study was designed to compare the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot between Caucasian and Negro newborn infants.

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THE DIFFERENTIAL LEUKOCYTE COUNT IN FULL-TERM NEWBORN INFANTS WITH MECONIUM ASPIRATION AND NEONATAL ASPHYXIA

Acta Paediatrica ◽

10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07151.x ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 779-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

P. Merlob ◽

J. Amir ◽

R. Zaizov ◽

S. H. Reisner

Keyword(s):

Leukocyte Count ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Full Term ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Meconium Aspiration ◽

Neonatal Asphyxia ◽

Term Newborn

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Immunologic Studies of Antithrombin III Heparin Cofactor in the Newborn

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646736 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 39 (03) ◽

pp. 624-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

W E Hathaway ◽

L L Neumann ◽

C A Borden ◽

L J Jacobson

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Antithrombin Iii ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Term Infant ◽

Sick Newborn ◽

At Iii ◽

Thrombotic Complications ◽

Low Levels ◽

Collection Methods ◽

Made In

SummarySerial quantitative immunoelectrophoretic (IE) measurements of antithrombin III heparin cofactor (AT III) were made in groups of well and sick newborn infants classified by gestational age. Collection methods (venous vs. capillary) did not influence the results; serum IE measurements were comparable to AT III activity by a clotting method. AT III is gestational age-dependent, increasing from 28.7% of normal adult values at 28-32 weeks to 50.9% at 37-40 weeks, and shows a gradual increase to term infant levels (57.4%) by 3-4 weeks of age. Infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) show lower levels of AT III in the 33-36 week group, 22% vs. 44% and in the 37-40 week group, 33.6% vs. 50.9%, than prematures without RDS. Infants of 28-32 week gestational age had only slight differences, RDS = 24%, non-RDS = 28.7%. The lowest levels of AT III were seen in patients with RDS complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and those with necrotizing enterocolitis. Crossed IE on representative infants displayed a consistent pattern which was identical to adult controls except for appropriate decreases in the amplitude of the peaks. The thrombotic complications seen in the sick preterm infant may be related to the low levels of AT III.

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