Skin Creases on the Sole of the Foot as a Physical Index of Maturity: Comparison Between Caucasian and Negro Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-485
Author(s):  
Eleni Damoulaki-Sfakianaki ◽  
Alex Robertson ◽  
Leandro Cordero
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Clinical Sign ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Intrauterine Life ◽  
Sole Of The Foot ◽  
Physical Index

It has been known that the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot occurs in late intrauterine life and that after birth this is a helpful clinical sign to determine gestational age. Until 36 weeks of gestation there are only one or two transverse skin creases on the anterior part of the sole. The posterior two-thirds of the sole are smooth. By 37 to 38 weeks of gestation more creases have appeared and in the full-term infant there is a complex series of criss-crossed creases covering the entire sole. Since no racial differences in the presence or absence of this sign have ever been published a study was designed to compare the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot between Caucasian and Negro newborn infants.

Immunologic Studies of Antithrombin III Heparin Cofactor in the Newborn

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
W E Hathaway ◽  
L L Neumann ◽  
C A Borden ◽  
L J Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Sick Newborn ◽  
At Iii ◽  
Thrombotic Complications ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
Made In

SummarySerial quantitative immunoelectrophoretic (IE) measurements of antithrombin III heparin cofactor (AT III) were made in groups of well and sick newborn infants classified by gestational age. Collection methods (venous vs. capillary) did not influence the results; serum IE measurements were comparable to AT III activity by a clotting method. AT III is gestational age-dependent, increasing from 28.7% of normal adult values at 28-32 weeks to 50.9% at 37-40 weeks, and shows a gradual increase to term infant levels (57.4%) by 3-4 weeks of age. Infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) show lower levels of AT III in the 33-36 week group, 22% vs. 44% and in the 37-40 week group, 33.6% vs. 50.9%, than prematures without RDS. Infants of 28-32 week gestational age had only slight differences, RDS = 24%, non-RDS = 28.7%. The lowest levels of AT III were seen in patients with RDS complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and those with necrotizing enterocolitis. Crossed IE on representative infants displayed a consistent pattern which was identical to adult controls except for appropriate decreases in the amplitude of the peaks. The thrombotic complications seen in the sick preterm infant may be related to the low levels of AT III.

THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COAGULATION SYSTEM IN THE PREMATURE INFANT

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Andrew ◽  
B A Paes ◽  
R A Milner ◽  
P J Powers ◽  
M Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infant ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Term Infants

A cohort study was performed to determine the postnatal development of the coagulation system in the “healthy” premature infant. Mothers were approached for consent and a total of 132 premature infants were entered into the study. The group consisted of 64 infants with gestational ages of 34-36 weeks (prem 1) and 68 infants whose gestational age was 33 weeks or less (prem 2). Demographic information and a 2 ml blood sample were obtained on days 1, 5, 30, 90, and 180. Plasma was fractionated and stored at −70°C for batch assaying of the following tests: screening tests, PT, APTT; factor assays (biologic (B)); fibrinogen, II, V, VII, VIII:C, IX, X, XI, XII, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, XIII (immunologic (I)); inhibitors (I), antithrombin III, aα2-antiplasmin, α2-macroglobulin, α-anti-trypsin, Cl esterase inhibitor, protein C, protein S, and the fibrinolytic system (B); plasminogen. We have previously reported an identical study for 118 full term infants. The large number of premature and full term infants studied at varying time points allowed us to determine the following: 1) coagulation tests vary with the gestational age and postnatal age of the infant; 2) each factor has a unique postnatal pattern of maturation; 3) near adult values are achieved by 6 months of age; 4) premature infants have a more rapid postnatal development of the coagulation system compared to the full term infant; and 5) the range of reference values for two age groups of premature infants has been established for each of the assays. These reference values will provide a basis for future investigation of specific hemorrhagic and thrombotic problems in the newborn infant.

Acoustic Examination of Preterm and Full-Term Infant Cries

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Goberman ◽  
Michael P. Robb
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Average Spectrum ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Infant Cries

The acoustic characteristics of crying behavior displayed in 2 groups of newborn infants are reported. The crying episodes of 10 full-term and 10 preterm infants were audio recorded and analyzed with regard to the long-time average spectrum (LTAS) characteristics. An LTAS display was created for each infant's non-partitioned crying episode, as well as for 3 equidurational partitions of the crying episode. Measures of first spectral peak, mean spectral energy, and spectral tilt were revealing of differences between full-term and preterm infants' non-partitioned crying episodes. In addition, the full-term infants demonstrated significant changes in their crying behavior across partitions, whereas the preterm infants changed little across the crying episode. Discussion focuses on possible differences between full-term and preterm infants in their neurophysiological maturity, and the subsequent impact on their speech development. The importance of examining entire crying episodes when evaluating the crying behavior of infants is also discussed.

PERICARDITIS IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-676
Author(s):  
Marie Valdes-Dapena ◽  
William H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Dysfunction ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Full Term Infant ◽  
Stillborn Fetus ◽  
Microscopic Findings

A review of the literature has revealed 9 instances of pericarditis in fetuses and newborn infants less than 2 days of age. In only 2 of these are the histologic findings available. We have reported the macroscopic and microscopic findings in 2 additional patients with pericarditis, 1 of whom was a premature stillborn fetus. The second patient was a full-term infant who lived for 4 days and who manifested sufficient evidence of cardiac dysfunction to warrant electrocardiographic studies.

ADJUSTMENT OF VENTILATION AND PERFUSION IN THE FULL-TERM NORMAL AND DISTRESSED NEONATE AS DETERMINED BY URINARY ALVEOLAR NITROGEN GRADIENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-869
Author(s):  
A. N. Krauss ◽  
J. A. Soodalter ◽  
P. A. M. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Meconium Aspiration ◽  
Large Gradient ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

The urinary alveolar nitrogen gradient was measured serially in 20 normal and six distressed full-term newborn infants. When the gradient is small (less than 10 mm Hg) ventilation is evenly distributed throughout the lung. When a large gradient is determined this is a reflection of numbers of alveoli with low ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratios. In healthy adults used as a control for the method, a gradient of less than 10 mm Hg was recorded. Healthy, nondistressed newborn infants were almost all within the normal range from the first day of life. Infants found to have distress due to meconium aspiration or transient neonatal tachypnea had large gradients throughout the first week of life. The studies indicate that the healthy, full-term infant rapidly achieves a normal distribution of pulmonary ventilation, whereas serious maldistribution of ventilation occurs in meconium aspiration pneumonia.

Neurobehavior of full-term small for gestational age newborn infants of adolescent mothers

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina C. de Moraes Barros ◽  
Ruth Guinsburg ◽  
Sandro S. Mitsuhiro ◽  
Elisa Chalem ◽  
Ronaldo R. Laranjeira
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term

Decreasing podocyte number during human kidney intrauterine development

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (9) ◽  
pp. F1033-F1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Crobe ◽  
M. Desogus ◽  
A. Sanna ◽  
M. Fraschini ◽  
C. Gerosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Intrauterine Life ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
First Time

Nephron number at birth has relevant clinical importance with implications for long-term renal health. In recent years, the podocyte depletion hypothesis has emerged as an important concept in kidney pathology. This study was aimed at verifying whether human podocyte number changes significantly during intrauterine life. To this end, 62 subjects with gestational ages ranging from 20 to 41 wk were examined. Kidney sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and digitally scanned at ×400 magnification. Subjects were subdivided into fetuses (gestational age ≤24 wk, n = 5), preterms (gestational age ≥25 and ≤36 wk, n = 39), and full-term newborns (gestational age ≥37 wk, n = 18). The average podocyte number of 1,908 ± 645, 1,394 ± 498, and 1,126 ± 256 was, respectively, observed in fetuses, preterms, and full-term newborns. A significant main effect ( P = 0.0051) of gestational age on podocyte number was observed with a significantly lower number in full-term newborns than in fetuses ( P < 0.01). Intragroup variability was also observed. We speculate that variations in podocyte number could be correlated with factors such as drugs and maternal diet occurring during intrauterine life. In conclusion, this study shows, for the first time, a decreasing trend in podocyte number during gestation.

Subependymal Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage in Full-Term Neonates

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Keith Hayden ◽  
Karen E. Shattuck ◽  
C. Joan Richardson ◽  
Deborah K. Ahrendt ◽  
Ray House ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Ventricular Dilation ◽  
Germinal Matrix ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Clinical Problems

A population of healthy, full-term newborn infants was studied in order to obtain documentation of the prevalence of intracranial hemorrhage. Cerebral ultrasonography was performed within 72 hours of birth on 505 healthy newborn infants, 37 weeks of gestation or greater. Sonographic abnormalities were detected in 23 (4.6%) neonates. Bilateral subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage occurred in 14 and unilateral hemorrhage in five infants. Other abnormalities detected included agenesis of the corpus callosum in two infants, a cyst involving the subependymal germinal matrix in one (presumably the result of a previous subependymal hemorrhage), and mild ventricular dilation of unknown etiology in one. Newborns with subependymal hemorrhage were compared with newborns without hemorrhage in order to determine whether any significant differences existed between the two populations. No significant differences existed between infants with and without subependymal hemorrhage with regard to gender, obstetrical presentation, use of forceps, birth trauma, Apgar scores, need for resuscitation, maternal age and parity, and neonatal clinical problems. Infants with subependymal hemorrhage were of significantly lower gestational age and birth weight; the overall difference in weight was attributable to lower weight in female infants with subependymal hemorrhage. Significantly more infants with subependymal hemorrhage were small for gestational age, vaginally delivered, and black.

Serum Aldosterone Concentrations Related to Sodium Balance in the Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-413
Author(s):  
Sharon R. Siegel ◽  
Delbert A. Fisher ◽  
William Oh
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Serum Aldosterone ◽  
Sodium Load ◽  
Sodium Dependent ◽  
The Mean

Serum aldosterone concentrations and sodium (Na) balance were studied between 24 and 48 hours of life in 39 newborn infants of various gestational ages and in infants with or without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) . The serum aldosterone levels in the neonatal period were high but not related to gestational age. The serum aldosterone levels of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants were similar to those of the full-term infants. In normal infants (preterm and full term) and in SGA infants, the mean oral Na intake was 1.0 mEq/kg/24 hr; in this group of infants, no correlation was observed between Na intake and excretion or between Na intake and serum aldosterone concentrations, probably due to the narrow range of Na intake. In preterm infants with RDS, Na was given in larger quantities and by the parenteral route. In this group, significant correlations were observed between Na intake and Na excretion and between Na intake and serum aldosterone concentrations. These data suggest that the expected sodium dependent regulatory mechanism for aldosterone secretion is functional 10 the preterm infants with RDS when given a large sodium load; and that the quantity of Na excretion is consistent with the variations in aldosterone concentrations.

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